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Klonopin withdrawal. Klonopin withdrawal side effects, Klonopin withdrawal warnings, Klonopin withdrawal precautions, Klonopin withdrawal adverse effects, overdose, withdrawal symptoms and Klonopin natural alternatives. Before you begin the spiral down with Klonopin, try giving your body what it really wants.

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Klonopin Withdrawal
Klonopin Side Effects

Read Klonopin side effects defined. Note: These Klonopin side effects are also Klonopin withdrawal side effects.

Like other benzodiazepines, Klonopin is believed to act by simulating the action of GABA on the central nervous system. Because of strong anxiolytic properties and euphoric side-effects it is said to be among the class of 'highly potent' benzodiazepines with a higher risk of abuse, misuse and dependence than other benzodiazepines, excluding Xanax which alone is considered to be the most potent. The sedative effects of Klonopin are relatively weak, compared to its strong anxiolytic and anticonvulsant effects. One quarter of a milligram (0.25mg) of Klonopin is approximately equivalent to five milligrams (5.00mg) of Valium.

Many people attempt to taper off Klonopin by switching to Valium. It is not recommended. You will go into withdrawal on the Klonopin and introduce a new medication on top of that which will probably have side effects of it's own.

Up to 30% of epileptic patients treated with Klonopin develop a serious tolerance to the anticonvulsant effects. This may require dose increases or gradual withdrawal and replacement of the drug.

Because Klonopin can impair both mental and motor function, those taking it are advised to use caution when operating motor vehicles or machinery, or engaging in hazardous occupations requiring mental alertness.

Klonopin Withdrawal

Klonopin withdrawal - Body

Klonopin withdrawal - Dry Mouth - The usual amount to moisture in the mouth is noticeably less.

Klonopin withdrawal - Sweating Increased - A large quantity of perspiration that is medically caused.

Klonopin withdrawal - Cardiovascular (Involving the heart and the blood vessels)

Klonopin withdrawal - Palpitation - Unusual and not normal heartbeat, that is sometimes irregular, but rapid and forceful thumping or fluttering. It can be brought on by shock, excitement, exertion, or medical stimulants. A person is normally unaware of his/her heartbeat.

Klonopin withdrawal - Hypertension - is high blood pressure, which is a symptom of disease in the blood vessels leading away from the heart. Hypertension is known as the “silent killer”. The symptoms are usually not obvious, however it can lead to damage to the heart, brain, kidneys and eye, and even to stroke and kidney failure. Treatment includes dietary and lifestyle changes.

Klonopin withdrawal - Bradycardia - The heart rate is slowed from 72 beats per minute, which is normal, to below 60 beats per minute in an adult.

Klonopin withdrawal - Tachycardia - The heart rate is speeded up to above 100 beats per minute in an adult. Normal adult heart rate is 72 beats per minute.

Klonopin withdrawal - ECG Abnormal - A test called an electrocardiogram (ECG) that records the activity of the heart. It measures heartbeats as will as the position and size of the heart’s four chambers. It also measures if there is damage to the heart and the effects of drugs or mechanical devices like a pacemaker on the heart. When the test is abnormal this means that one or more of the following are present: heart disease, defects, beating too fast or too slow, disease of the blood vessels leading from the heart or of the heart valves, and/or a past or about to occur heart attack.

Klonopin withdrawal - Flushing - The skin all over the body turns red.

Klonopin withdrawal - Varicose Vein - Unusually swollen veins near the surface of the skin that sometimes appear twisted and knotted, but always enlarged. They are called hemorrhoids when they appear around the rectum. The cause is attributed to hereditary weakness in the veins aggravated by obesity, pregnancy, pressure from standing, aging, etc. Severe cases may develop swelling in the legs, ankles and feet, eczema and/or ulcers in the affected areas.

Klonopin withdrawal - Gastrointestinal (Involving the stomach and the intestines)

Klonopin withdrawal - Abdominal Cramp/Pain - Sudden, severe, uncontrollable and painful shortening and thickening of the muscles in the belly. The belly includes the stomach as well as the intestines, liver, kidneys, pancreas, spleen, gall bladder, and urinary bladder.

Klonopin withdrawal - Belching - Noisy release of gas from the stomach through the mouth; a burp.

Klonopin withdrawal - Bloating - Swelling of the belly caused by excessive intestinal gas.

Klonopin withdrawal - Constipation - Difficulty in having a bowel movement where the material in the bowels is hard due to a lack of exercise, fluid intake, and roughage in the diet, or due to certain drugs.

Klonopin withdrawal - Diarrhea - Unusually frequent and excessive, runny bowel movements that may result in severe dehydration and shock.

Klonopin withdrawal - Dyspepsia - Indigestion. This is the discomfort you experience after eating. It can be heartburn, gas, nausea, a bellyache or bloating.

Klonopin withdrawal - Flatulence - More gas than normal in the digestive organs.

Klonopin withdrawal - Gagging - Involuntary choking and/or involuntary throwing up.

Klonopin withdrawal - Gastritis - A severe irritation of the mucus lining of the stomach either short in duration or lasting for a long period of time.

Klonopin withdrawal - Gastroenteritis - A condition where the membranes of the stomach and intestines are irritated.

Klonopin withdrawal - Gastroesophageal Reflux - A continuous state where stomach juices flow back into the throat causing acid indigestion and heartburn and possibly injury to the throat.

Klonopin withdrawal - Heartburn - A burning pain in the area of the breastbone caused by stomach juices flowing back up into the throat.

Klonopin withdrawal - Hemorrhoids - Small rounded purplish swollen veins that either bleed, itch or are painful and appear around the anus.

Klonopin withdrawal - Increased Stool frequency - Diarrhea.

Klonopin withdrawal - Indigestion - Unable to properly consume and absorb food in the digestive tract causing constipation, nausea, stomach ache, gas, swollen belly, pain and general discomfort or sickness.

Klonopin withdrawal - Nausea - Stomach irritation with a queasy sensation similar to motion sickness and a feeling that one is going to vomit.

Klonopin withdrawal - Polyposis Gastric - Tumors that grow on stems in the lining of the stomach, which usually become cancerous.

Klonopin withdrawal - Swallowing Difficulty - A feeling that food is stuck in the throat or upper chest area and won’t go down, making it difficult to swallow.

Klonopin withdrawal - Toothache - Pain in a tooth above and below the gum line.

Klonopin withdrawal - Vomiting - Involuntarily throwing up the contents of the stomach and usually getting a nauseated, sick feeling just prior to doing so.

Klonopin withdrawal - General

Klonopin withdrawal - Allergy - The extreme sensitivity of body tissues triggered by substances in the air, drugs, or foods causing a reaction like sneezing, itching, asthma, hay fever, skin rashes, nausea and/or vomiting.

Klonopin withdrawal - Anaphylaxis - A violent, sudden, and severe drop in blood pressure caused by a re-exposure to a foreign protein or a second dosage of a drug that may be fatal unless emergency treatment is given right away.

Klonopin withdrawal - Asthenia - A physically weak condition.

Klonopin withdrawal - Chest Pains - Severe discomfort in the chest caused by not enough oxygen going to the heart because of narrowing of the blood vessels or spasms.

Klonopin withdrawal - Chills - Appearing pale while cold and shivering; sometimes with a fever.

Klonopin withdrawal - Edema of Extremities - Abnormal swelling of the body’s tissue caused by the collection of fluid.

Klonopin withdrawal - Fall - To suddenly lose your normal standing upright position as if you were shot.

Klonopin withdrawal - Fatigue - Loss of normal strength so as to not be able to do the usual physical and mental activities.

Klonopin withdrawal - Fever - Abnormally high body temperature, the normal being 98 degrees Fahrenheit or 37 degrees Centigrade in humans, which is a symptom of disease or disorder in the body. The body is affected by feeling hot, chilled, sweaty, weak and exhausted. If the fever goes too high, death can result.

Klonopin withdrawal - Hot Flashes - Brief, abnormal enlargement of the blood vessels that causes a sudden heat sensation over the entire body. Women in menopause will sometimes experience this.

Klonopin withdrawal - Influenza-like Symptoms - Demonstrating irritation of the respiratory tract (organs of breathing) such as a cold, sudden fever, aches and pains, as well as feeling weak and seeking bed rest, which is similar to having the flu.

Klonopin withdrawal - Leg Pain - A hurtful sensation in the legs that is caused by excessive stimulation of the nerve endings in the legs and results in extreme discomfort.

Klonopin withdrawal - Malaise - The somewhat unclear feeling of discomfort you get when you start to feel sick.

Klonopin withdrawal - Pain in Limb - Sudden, sharp and uncontrolled leg discomfort.

Klonopin withdrawal - Syncope - A short period of light headedness or unconsciousness (black-out) also know as fainting caused by lack of oxygen to the brain because of an interruption in blood flowing to the brain.

Klonopin withdrawal - Tightness of Chest - Mild or sharp discomfort, tightness or pressure in the chest area (anywhere between the throat and belly). The causes can be mild or seriously life-threatening because they include the heart, lungs and surrounding muscles.

Klonopin withdrawal - Hemic and Lymphatic Disorders (Involving the blood and the clear fluids in the tissues that contain white blood cells)

Klonopin withdrawal - Bruise - Damage to the skin resulting in a purple-green-yellow skin coloration that’s caused by breaking the blood vessels in the area without breaking the surface of the skin.

Klonopin withdrawal - Anemia - A condition where the blood is no longer carrying enough oxygen, so the person looks pale and easily gets dizzy, weak and tired. More severely, a person can end up with an abnormal heart, as well as breathing and digestive difficulties. The causes of anemia are not enough protein in the red blood cells, or missing and chemically destroyed red blood cells, as well as diseased or destroyed bone marrow.

Klonopin withdrawal - Nosebleed - Blood lost from the part of the face that has the organs of smell and is where the body takes in oxygen.

Klonopin withdrawal - Hematoma - Broken blood vessels that cause a swelling in an area on the body.

Klonopin withdrawal - Lymphadenopathy Cervical - The lymph nodes in the neck, which are part of the body’s immune system get swollen and enlarge by reacting to the presence of a drug. The swelling is the result of the white blood cells multiplying in order to fight the invasion of the drug.

Klonopin withdrawal - Metabolic and Nutritional Disorders (Energy and health)

Klonopin withdrawal - Arthralgia - Sudden sharp nerve pain in one or more joints.

Klonopin withdrawal - Arthropathy - Having joint disease or abnormal joints.

Klonopin withdrawal - Arthritis - Painfully inflamed and swollen joints. The reddened and swollen condition is brought on by a serious injury or shock to the body either from physical or emotional causes.

Klonopin withdrawal - Back Discomfort - Severe physical distress in the area from the neck to the pelvis along the backbone.

Klonopin withdrawal - Bilirubin Increased - Bilirubin is a waste product of the breakdown of old blood cells. Bilirubin is sent to the liver to be made water-soluble so it can be eliminated from the body through emptying the bladder. A drug can interfere with or damage this normal liver function creating liver disease.

Klonopin withdrawal - Decreased Weight - Uncontrolled and measured loss of heaviness or weight.

Klonopin withdrawal - Gout - A severe arthritis condition that is caused by the dumping of a waste product called uric acid in the tissues and joints. It can become worse and cause the body to develop a deformity after going through stages of pain, inflammation, severe tenderness, and stiffness.

Klonopin withdrawal - Hepatic Enzymes Increased - An increase in the amount of paired liver proteins that regulate liver processes causing a condition where the liver functions abnormally.

Klonopin withdrawal - Hypercholesterolemia - Too much cholesterol in the blood cells.

Klonopin withdrawal - Hyperglycemia - An unhealthy amount of sugar in the blood.

Klonopin withdrawal - Increased Weight - A concentration and storage of fat in the body accumulating over a period of time caused by unhealthy eating patterns, that can predispose the body to many disorders and diseases.

Klonopin withdrawal - Jaw Pain - The pain due to irritation and swelling of the nerves associated with the mouth area where it opens and closes just in front of the ear. Some of the symptoms are pain when chewing, head aches, losing your balance, stuffy ears or ringing in the ears, and teeth grinding.

Klonopin withdrawal - Jaw Stiffness - The result of squeezing and grinding the teeth while asleep that can cause your teeth to deteriorate as well as the muscles and joints of the jaw.

Klonopin withdrawal - Joint Stiffness - A loss of free motion and easy flexibility where any two bones come together.

Klonopin withdrawal - Muscle Cramp - When muscles contract uncontrollably without warning and do not relax. The muscles of any of the body’s organs can cramp.

Klonopin withdrawal - Muscle Stiffness - Tightening of muscles making it difficult to bend.

Klonopin withdrawal - Muscle Weakness - Loss of physical strength.

Klonopin withdrawal - Myalgia - A general widespread pain and tenderness of the muscles.

Klonopin withdrawal - Thirst - A strong, unnatural craving for moisture/water in the mouth and throat.

Klonopin withdrawal - Nervous System (Sensory channels)

Klonopin withdrawal - Carpal Tunnel Syndrome - A pinched nerve in the wrist that causes pain, tingling, and numbing.

Klonopin withdrawal - Coordination Abnormal - A lack of normal, harmonious interaction of the parts of the body when it is in motion.

Klonopin withdrawal - Dizziness - Losing one’s balance while feeling unsteady and lightheaded which may lead to fainting.

Klonopin withdrawal - Disequilibrium - Lack of mental and emotional balance.

Klonopin withdrawal - Faintness - A temporary condition where one is likely to go unconscious and fall.

Klonopin withdrawal - Headache - A sharp or dull persistent pain in the head

Klonopin withdrawal - Hyperreflexia - A not normal and involuntary increased response in the tissues connecting the bones to the muscles.

Klonopin withdrawal - Light-headed Feeling – Uncontrolled and usually brief loss of consciousness caused by lack of oxygen to the brain.

Klonopin withdrawal - Migraine - Reoccurring severe head pain usually with nausea, vomiting, dizziness, flashes or spots before the eyes, and ringing in the ears

Klonopin withdrawal - Muscle Contractions Involuntary - Spontaneous and uncontrollable tightening reaction of the muscles caused by electrical impulses from the nervous system.

Klonopin withdrawal - Muscular Tone Increased - Uncontrolled and exaggeration muscle tension. Muscles are normally partially tensed and this is what gives us muscle tone.

Klonopin withdrawal - Paresthesia - Burning, prickly, itchy, or tingling skin with no obvious or understood physical cause.

Klonopin withdrawal - Restless Legs - A need to move the legs without any apparent reason. Sometimes there is pain, twitching, jerking, cramping, burning, or a creepy-crawly sensation associated with the movements. It worsens when a person is inactive and can interrupt one’s sleep so one feels the need to move to gain some relief.

Klonopin withdrawal - Shaking - Uncontrolled quivering and trembling as if one is cold and chilled.

Klonopin withdrawal - Sluggishness - Lack of alertness and energy, as well as being slow to respond or perform in life.

Klonopin withdrawal - Tics - A contraction of a muscle causing a repeated movement not under the control of the person usually on the face or limbs.

Klonopin withdrawal - Tremor - A nervous and involuntary vibrating or quivering of the body.

Klonopin withdrawal - Twitching - Sharp, jerky and spastic motion sometimes with a sharp sudden pain.

Klonopin withdrawal - Vertigo - A sensation of dizziness with disorientation and confusion.

Klonopin withdrawal - Psychiatric Disorders (Mental and emotional)

Klonopin withdrawal - Aggravated Nervousness - A progressively worsening, irritated and troubled state of mind.

Klonopin withdrawal - Agitation - Suddenly violent and forceful, emotionally disturbed state of mind.

Klonopin withdrawal - Amnesia - Long term or short term, partial or full memory loss created by emotional or physical shock, severe illness, or a blow to the head where the person was caused pain and became unconsciousness.

Klonopin withdrawal - Anxiety Attack - Sudden and intense feelings of fear, terror, and dread physically creating shortness of breath, sweating, trembling and heart palpitations.

Klonopin withdrawal - Apathy - Complete lack of concern or interest for things that ordinarily would be regarded as important or would normally cause concern.

Klonopin withdrawal - Appetite Decreased - Having a lack of appetite despite the ordinary caloric demands of living with a resulting unintentional loss of weight.

Klonopin withdrawal - Appetite Increased - An unusual hunger causing one to overeat.

Klonopin withdrawal - Auditory Hallucination - Hearing things without the voices or noises being present.

Klonopin withdrawal - Bruxism - Grinding and clenching of teeth while sleeping.

Klonopin withdrawal - Carbohydrate Craving - A drive and craving to eat foods rich in sugar and starches (sweets, snacks and junk foods) that intensifies as the diet becomes more and more unbalanced due to the unbalancing of the proper nutritional requirements of the body.

Klonopin withdrawal - Concentration Impaired - Unable to easily focus your attention for long periods of time.

Klonopin withdrawal - Confusion - Not able to think clearly and understand in order to make a logical decision.

Klonopin withdrawal - Crying Abnormal - Unusual and not normal fits of weeping for short or long periods of time for no apparent reason.

Klonopin withdrawal - Depersonalization - A condition where one has lost a normal sense of personal identity.

Klonopin withdrawal - Depression - A hopeless feeling of failure, loss and sadness that can deteriorate into thoughts of death.

Klonopin withdrawal - Disorientation - A loss of sense of direction, place, time or surroundings as well as mental confusion on personal identity.

Klonopin withdrawal - Dreaming Abnormal - Dreaming that leaves a very clear, detailed picture and impression when awake that can last for a long period of time and sometimes be unpleasant.

Klonopin withdrawal - Emotional Lability - Suddenly breaking out in laughter or crying or doing both without being able to control the outburst of emotion. These episodes are unstable as they are caused by things that normally would not have this effect on an individual.

Klonopin withdrawal - Excitability - Uncontrollably responding to stimuli.

Klonopin withdrawal - Feeling Unreal - The awareness that one has an undesirable emotion like fear but can’t seem to shake off the irrational feeling. For example, feeling like one is going crazy but rationally knowing that it is not true. The quality of this side effect resembles being in a bad dream and not being able to wake up.

Klonopin withdrawal - Forgetfulness - Unable to remember what one ordinarily would remember.

Klonopin withdrawal - Insomnia - Sleeplessness caused by physical stress, mental stress or stimulants such as coffee or medications; it is a condition of being abnormally awake when one would ordinarily be able to fall and remain asleep.

Klonopin withdrawal - Irritability - Abnormally annoyed in response to a stimulus.

Klonopin withdrawal - Jitteriness - Nervous fidgeting without an apparent cause.

Klonopin withdrawal - Lethargy - Mental and physical sluggishness and apathy that can deteriorate into an unconscious state resembling deep sleep. A numbed state of mind.

Klonopin withdrawal - Libido Decreased - An abnormal loss of sexual energy or desire.

Klonopin withdrawal - Panic Reaction - A sudden, overpowering, chaotic and confused mental state of terror resulting in being doubt ridden often accompanied with hyperventilation, and extreme anxiety.

Klonopin withdrawal - Restlessness Aggravated - A constantly worsening troubled state of mind characterized by the person being increasingly nervous, unable to relax, and easily angered.

Klonopin withdrawal - Somnolence - Feeling sleepy all the time or having a condition of semi-consciousness.

Klonopin withdrawal - Suicide Attempt - An unsuccessful deliberate attack on one’s own life with the intention of ending it.

Klonopin withdrawal - Suicidal Tendency - Most likely will attempt to kill oneself.

Klonopin withdrawal - Tremulousness Nervous - Very jumpy, shaky, and uneasy while feeling fearful and timid. The condition is characterized by thoughts of dreading the future, involuntary quivering, trembling, and feeling distressed and suddenly upset.

Klonopin withdrawal - Yawning - involuntary opening of the mouth with deep inhalation of air.

Klonopin withdrawal - Reproductive Disorder Female

Klonopin withdrawal - Breast Neoplasm - A tumor or cancer, of either of the two milk-secreting organs on the chest of a woman.

Klonopin withdrawal - Menorrhagia - Abnormally heavy menstrual period or a menstrual flow that has continued for an unusually long period of time.

Klonopin withdrawal - Menstrual Cramps - Painful, involuntary uterus contractions that women experience around the time of their menstrual period, sometimes causing pain in the lower back and thighs.

Klonopin withdrawal - Menstrual Disorder - A disturbance or derangement in the normal function of a woman’s menstrual period.

Klonopin withdrawal - Pelvic Inflammation - The reaction of the body to infectious, allergic, or chemical irritation, which in turn causes tissue irritation, injury, or bacterial infection characterized by pain, redness, swelling, and sometimes loss of function. The reaction usually begins in the uterus and spreads to the fallopian tubes, ovaries, and other areas in the hipbone region of the body.

Klonopin withdrawal - Premenstrual Syndrome - Various physical and mental symptoms commonly experienced by women of childbearing age usually 2 to 7 days before the start of their monthly period. There are over 150 symptoms including eating binges, behavioral changes, moodiness, irritability, fatigue, fluid retention, breast tenderness, headaches, bloating, anxiety, and depression. The symptoms cease shortly after the period begins, and disappear with menopause.

Klonopin withdrawal - Spotting Between Menses - Abnormal bleeding between periods. Unusual spotting between menstrual cycles.

Klonopin withdrawal - RESPIRATORY SYSTEM (Organs involved in breathing)

Klonopin withdrawal - Asthma - A disease of the breathing system initiated by and allergic reaction or a chemical with repeated attacks of coughing, sticky mucus, wheezing, shortness of breath, and a tight feeling in the chest. The disease can reach a state where it stops a person from exhaling, leading to unconsciousness and death.

Klonopin withdrawal - Breath Shortness - Unnatural breathing using a lot off effort resulting in not enough air taken in by the body.

Klonopin withdrawal - Bronchitis - Inflammation of the two main breathing tubes leading from the windpipe to the lungs. The disease is marked with coughing, a low-grade fever, chest pains, and hoarseness, caused by an allergic reaction.

Klonopin withdrawal - Coughing - A cough is the response to an irritation, such as mucus, that causes the muscles controlling the breathing process to expel air from the lungs suddenly and noisily to keep the air passages free from the irritating material.

Klonopin withdrawal - Laryngitis - Inflammation of the voice box characterized by hoarseness, sore throat, and coughing. It can be cause by straining the voice or exposure to infectious, allergic or chemical irritation.

Klonopin withdrawal - Nasal Congestion - The presence of an abnormal amount of fluid in the nose.

Klonopin withdrawal - Pneumonia Tracheitis - Bacterial infection of the air passageways and lungs that causes redness, swelling and pain in the windpipe. Other symptoms are high fever, chills, pain in the chest, difficulty in breathing, and coughing with mucus discharge.

Klonopin withdrawal - Rhinitis - Chemical irritation causing pain, redness and swelling in the mucus membranes of the nose.

Klonopin withdrawal - Sinus Congestion - The mucus-lined areas of the bones in the face that are thought to help warm and moisten air to the nose. These areas become clogged with excess fluid or infected.

Klonopin withdrawal - Sinus Headache - The abnormal amount of fluid in the hollows of the face bone area especially around the nose. This excess fluid creates pressure, causing pain in the head.

Klonopin withdrawal - Sinusitis - The body reacting to chemical irritation causing redness, swelling and pain in the area of the hollows in the facial bones especially around the nose.

Klonopin withdrawal - SKELETAL

Klonopin withdrawal - Neck/Shoulder Pain - Hurtful sensations of the nerve endings caused by damage to the tissues in the neck and shoulder signaling danger of disease.

Klonopin withdrawal - SKIN and APPENDAGES DISORDERS (Skin, legs and arms)

Klonopin withdrawal - Acne - Eruptions of the oils glands of the skin, especially on the face, marked by pimples, blackheads, whiteheads, bumps, and more severely, by cysts and scarring.

Klonopin withdrawal - Alopecia - The loss of hair or baldness.

Klonopin withdrawal - Eczema - A severe or continuing skin disease marked by redness, crusting and scaling with watery blisters and itching. It is often difficult to treat and will sometimes go away only to reappear again.

Klonopin withdrawal - Dermatitis - Generally irritated skin that can be caused by any of a number of irritating things such as parasites, fungus, bacteria, or foreign substances causing an allergic reaction. It is a general inflammation of the skin.

Klonopin withdrawal - Dry Lips - The lack of normal moisture in the fleshy folds that surround the mouth.

Klonopin withdrawal - Dry Skin - The lack of normal moisture/oils in the surface layer of the body. The skin is the body’s largest organ.

Klonopin withdrawal - Folliculitis - Inflammation of a follicle (small body sac) especially a hair follicle. A hair follicle contains the root of a hair.

Klonopin withdrawal - Furunculosis - Skin boils that show up repeatedly.

Klonopin withdrawal - Lipoma - A tumor of mostly fat cells that is not health endangering.

Klonopin withdrawal - Pruritus - Extreme itching of often-undamaged skin.

Klonopin withdrawal - Rash - A skin eruption or discoloration that may or may not be itching, tingling, burning, or painful. It may be caused by an allergy, an skin irritation, a skin disease.

Klonopin withdrawal - Skin Nodule - A bulge, knob, swelling or outgrowth in the skin that is a mass of tissue or cells.

Klonopin withdrawal - SPECIAL SENSES

Klonopin withdrawal - Conjunctivitis - Infection of the membrane that covers the eyeball and lines the eyelid, caused by a virus, allergic reaction, or an irritating chemical. It is characterized by redness, a discharge of fluid and itching.

Klonopin withdrawal - Dry Eyes - Not enough moisture in the eyes.

Klonopin withdrawal - Earache - Pain in the ear.

Klonopin withdrawal - Eye Infection - The invasion of the eye tissue by a bacteria, virus, fungus, etc, causing damage to the tissue, with toxicity. Infection spreading in the body progresses into disease.

Klonopin withdrawal - Eye Irritation - An inflammation of the eye.

Klonopin withdrawal - Metallic Taste - A range of taste impairment from distorted taste to a complete loss of taste.

Klonopin withdrawal - Pupils Dilated - Abnormal expansion of the blace circular opening in the center of the eye.

Klonopin withdrawal - Taste alteration - Abnormal flavor detection in food.

Klonopin withdrawal - Tinnitus - A buzzing, ringing, or whistling sound in one or both ears occurring from the internal use of certain drugs.

Klonopin withdrawal - Vision Abnormal - Normal images are seen differently by the viewer.

Klonopin withdrawal - Vision Blurred - Eyesight is dim or indistinct and hazy in outline or appearance.

Klonopin withdrawal - Visual Disturbance - Eyesight is interfered with or interrupted. Some disturbances are light sensitivity and the inability to easily distinguish colors.

Klonopin withdrawal - URINARY SYSTEM DISORDER

Klonopin withdrawal - Blood in Urine - Blood is present when one empties liquid waste product of the kidneys through the bladder by urinating in the toilet turning the water pink to bright red. Or you could see pots of blood in the water after urinating.

Klonopin withdrawal - Dysuria - Difficult or painful urination.

Klonopin withdrawal - Kidney Stone - Small hard masses of salt deposits that the kidney forms.

Klonopin withdrawal - Urinary Frequency - Having to urinate more often than usual or between unusually short time periods.

Klonopin withdrawal - Urinary Tract Infection - An invasion of bacteria, viruses, fungi, etc., of the system in the body that starts with the kidneys and eliminates urine from the body. If the invasion goes unchecked it can injure tissue and progress into disease.

Klonopin withdrawal - Urinary Urgency - A sudden compelling urge to urinate, accompanied by discomfort in the bladder.

Klonopin withdrawal - UROGENITAL (Urinary tract and genital structures or functions)

Klonopin withdrawal - Anorgasmia - Failure to experience an orgasm.

Klonopin withdrawal - Ejaculation Disorder - Dysfunction of the discharge of semen during orgasm.

Klonopin withdrawal - Menstrual Disorder - Dysfunction of the discharge during the monthly menstrual cycle.

Klonopin withdrawal - Acute Renal Failure - The kidneys stop functioning properly to excrete wastes.

Klonopin withdrawal - Angioedema - Intensely itching and swelling welts on the skin called hives caused by an allergic reaction to internal or external agents. The reaction is common to a food or a drug. Chronic cases can last for a long period of time.

Klonopin withdrawal - Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis - An abnormal condition where a large portion of skin becomes intensely red and peels off like a second-degree burn. Often the symptoms include blistering.

Klonopin withdrawal - Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage - Stomach and intestinal excessive internal bleeding.

Klonopin withdrawal - Grand Mal Seizures (or Convulsions) - A recurring sudden violent and involuntary attack of muscle spasms with a loss of consciousness.

Klonopin withdrawal - Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome - A life threatening, rare reaction to an anti-psychotic drug marked by fever, muscular rigidity, changed mental status, and dysfunction of the autonomic nervous system.

Klonopin withdrawal - Pancreatitis - Chemical irritation with redness, swelling, and pain in the pancreas where digestive enzymes and hormones are secreted.

Klonopin withdrawal - QT Prolongation - A very fast heart rhythm disturbance that is too fast for the heart to beat effectively so the blood to the brain falls causing a sudden loss of consciousness and may cause sudden cardiac death.

Klonopin withdrawal - Rhabdomyolysis - The breakdown of muscle fibers that releases the fibers into the circulatory system. Some of the fibers are poisonous to the kidney and frequently result in kidney damage.

Klonopin withdrawal - Serotonin Syndrome - A disorder brought on by excessive levels of serotonin caused by drugs and can be fatal as death from this side effect can come very rapidly.

Klonopin withdrawal - Thrombocytopenia - An abnormal decrease in the number of blood platelets in the circulatory system. A decrease in platelets would cause a decrease in the ability of the blood to clot when necessary.

Klonopin withdrawal - Torsades de Pointes - Unusual rapid heart rhythm starting in the lower heart chambers. If the short bursts of rapid heart rhythm continue for a prolonged period it can degenerate into a more rapid rhythm and can be fatal.

Klonopin Clinical Trials

Hair loss associated with clonazepam.

Virit O, Savas HA.

Clin Neuropharmacol. 2009 Jan-Feb;32(1):56. No abstract available.

PMID: 19471188 [Klonopin Withdrawal Klonopin Side Effects - in process]

Epilepsy in Angelman syndrome: A questionnaire-based assessment of the natural history and current treatment options.

Thibert RL, Conant KD, Braun EK, Bruno P, Said RR, Nespeca MP, Thiele EA.

Epilepsia. 2009 May 12. [Epub ahead of print]

PMID: 19453717 [Klonopin Withdrawal Klonopin Side Effects - as supplied by publisher]

Characterization of Escherichia coli nitroreductase NfsB in the metabolism of nitrobenzodiazepines.

Linwu SW, Syu CJ, Chen YL, Wang AH, Peng FC.

Biochem Pharmacol. 2009 Jul 1;78(1):96-103. Epub 2009 Mar 31.

PMID: 19447228 [Klonopin Withdrawal Klonopin Side Effects - in process]

Trigeminal neuralgia.

Zakrzewska JM, Linskey ME.

Clin Evid (Online). 2009 Mar 12;2009. pii: 1207.

PMID: 19445753 [Klonopin Withdrawal Klonopin Side Effects - in process]

Comparison of Five Benzodiazepine-Receptor Agonists on Buprenorphine-Induced mu-Opioid Receptor Regulation.

Poisnel G, Dhilly M, Boisselier RL, Barre L, Debruyne D.

J Pharmacol Sci. 2009 May;110(1):36-46.

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Influence of agmatine on the protective action of numerous antiepileptic drugs against pentetrazole-induced seizures in mice.

Luszczki JJ, Czernecki R, Dudra-Jastrzebska M, Borowicz KK, Czuczwar SJ.

Pharmacol Rep. 2009 Mar-Apr;61(2):252-60.

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Very High-Dose Clozapine and Electroconvulsive Therapy Combination Treatment in a Patient With Schizophrenia.

Keller S, Drexler H, Lichtenberg P.

J ECT. 2009 May 12. [Epub ahead of print]

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Long-term antiepileptic drug administration during early life inhibits hippocampal neurogenesis in the developing brain.

Chen J, Cai F, Cao J, Zhang X, Li S.

J Neurosci Res. 2009 May 12. [Epub ahead of print]

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General anesthetics and the developing brain.

Istaphanous GK, Loepke AW.

Curr Opin Anaesthesiol. 2009 Jun;22(3):368-73.

PMID: 19434780 [Klonopin Withdrawal Klonopin Side Effects - in process]

Anxiolytic-like effect of Sonchus oleraceus L. in mice.

Cardoso Vilela F, Soncini R, Giusti-Paiva A.

J Ethnopharmacol. 2009 May 3. [Epub ahead of print]

PMID: 19397983 [Klonopin Withdrawal Klonopin Side Effects - as supplied by publisher]

[Generalized convulsive status epilepticus in emergency situations in and out of hospital.]

Outin H.

Presse Med. 2009 Apr 23. [Epub ahead of print] French.

PMID: 19394192 [Klonopin Withdrawal Klonopin Side Effects - as supplied by publisher]

Evaluation of a new ELISA kit for the detection of benzodiazepines in meconium.

Marin SJ, Keith L, Merrell M, McMillin GA.

J Anal Toxicol. 2009 Apr;33(3):177-81.

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Comparison of drugs of abuse detection in meconium by EMIT II and ELISA.

Marin SJ, Keith L, Merrell M, McMillin GA.

J Anal Toxicol. 2009 Apr;33(3):148-54.

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Propriospinal myoclonus revisited: Clinical, neurophysiologic, and neuroradiologic findings.

Roze E, Bounolleau P, Ducreux D, Cochen V, Leu-Semenescu S, Beaugendre Y, Lavallard-Rousseau MC, Blancher A, Bourdain F, Dupont P, Carluer L, Verdure L, Vidailhet M, Apartis E.

Neurology. 2009 Apr 14;72(15):1301-9.

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Corticobasal degeneration.

Reich SG, Grill SE.

Curr Treat Options Neurol. 2009 May;11(3):179-85.

PMID: 19364452 [Klonopin Withdrawal Klonopin Side Effects - in process]

The clinical and pathophysiological relevance of REM sleep behavior disorder in neurodegenerative diseases.

Iranzo A, Santamaria J, Tolosa E.

Sleep Med Rev. 2009 Apr 8. [Epub ahead of print]

PMID: 19362028 [Klonopin Withdrawal Klonopin Side Effects - as supplied by publisher]

A brainstem inflammatory lesion causing REM sleep behavior disorder and sleepwalking (parasomnia overlap disorder).

Limousin N, Dehais C, Gout O, Héran F, Oudiette D, Arnulf I.

Sleep Med. 2009 Apr 1. [Epub ahead of print]

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Intranasal delivery of antiepileptic medications for treatment of seizures.

Wermeling DP.

Neurotherapeutics. 2009 Apr;6(2):352-8.

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Clonazepam as a therapeutic adjunct to improve the management of depression: a brief review.

Morishita S.

Hum Psychopharmacol. 2009 Apr;24(3):191-8.

PMID: 19330803 [Klonopin Withdrawal Klonopin Side Effects - in process]

Refractory restless legs syndrome likely caused by olanzapine.

Khalid I, Rana L, Khalid TJ, Roehrs T.

J Clin Sleep Med. 2009 Feb 15;5(1):68-9.

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[Idiopathic generalised epilepsies in the elderly: The viewpoint of a geriatrician.]

Nguyen-Michel VH, Ourabah Z, Sebban C, Lavallard-Rousseau MC, Adam C.

Rev Neurol (Paris). 2009 Mar 13. [Epub ahead of print] French.

PMID: 19285698 [Klonopin Withdrawal Klonopin Side Effects - as supplied by publisher]

Mitochondrial calcium transport in the heart: physiological and pathological roles.

Griffiths EJ.

J Mol Cell Cardiol. 2009 Jun;46(6):789-803. Epub 2009 Mar 12.

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Pre-analytical stability of selected benzodiazepines on a polymeric oral fluid sampling device.

Kempf J, Wuske T, Schubert R, Weinmann W.

Forensic Sci Int. 2009 Apr 15;186(1-3):81-5. Epub 2009 Mar 17.

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[Management of convulsive status epilepticus: therapeutic strategies]

Clair B, Demeret S, Dupont S, Tazarourte K.

Rev Neurol (Paris). 2009 Apr;165(4):366-72. Epub 2009 Mar 10. French.

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[Management of convulsive status epilepticus in infants and children]

Hubert P, Parain D, Vallée L.

Rev Neurol (Paris). 2009 Apr;165(4):390-7. Epub 2009 Mar 4. French.

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Shaky legs? Think POT!

Ramtahal J, Larner AJ.

Age Ageing. 2009 May;38(3):352-3. Epub 2009 Feb 28.

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[Unverricht-Lundborg disease manifesting tremulous myoclonus with rare convulsive seizures: a case report]

Kondo T, Yamakado H, Kawamata J, Tomimoto H, Hitomi T, Takahashi R, Ikeda A.

Rinsho Shinkeigaku. 2009 Jan;49(1):43-7. Japanese.

PMID: 19227896 [Klonopin Withdrawal Klonopin Side Effects - indexed for Klonopin Withdrawal Klonopin Side Effects]

Pharmacodynamic interactions between antiepileptic drugs: preclinical data based on isobolography.

Czuczwar SJ, Kaplanski J, Swiderska-Dziewit G, Gergont A, Kroczka S, Kacinski M.

Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol. 2009 Jan 13. [Epub ahead of print]

PMID: 19210232 [Klonopin Withdrawal Klonopin Side Effects - as supplied by publisher]

Top of the basilar artery embolic stroke and neonatal myoclonus.

Govaert P, Dudink J, Visser G, Breukhoven P, Vanhatalo S, Lequin M.

Dev Med Child Neurol. 2009 Apr;51(4):324-7. Epub 2009 Jan 22.

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Simultaneous determination of multibenzodiazepines by HPLC/UV: investigation of liquid-liquid and solid-phase extractions in human plasma.

Borges KB, Freire EF, Martins I, de Siqueira ME.

Talanta. 2009 Apr 15;78(1):233-41. Epub 2008 Nov 12.

PMID: 19174231 [Klonopin Withdrawal Klonopin Side Effects - indexed for Klonopin Withdrawal Klonopin Side Effects]

Antidepressant medications, neuroleptics, and prominent eye movements during NREM sleep.

Geyer JD, Carney PR, Dillard SC, Davis L, Ward LC.

J Clin Neurophysiol. 2009 Feb;26(1):39-44.

PMID: 19151617 [Klonopin Withdrawal Klonopin Side Effects - indexed for Klonopin Withdrawal Klonopin Side Effects]

[Evaluation of efficacy and safety of adjuvant analgesics for peripheral neuropathy induced by cancer chemotherapy in digestive cancer patients-a pilot study]

Yano T, Yamane H, Fukuoka R, Ninomiya T, Umemura S, Suzuki S, Saeki H, Hanaoka T, Katou T, Itoh K, Fujita T, Kamei H.

Gan To Kagaku Ryoho. 2009 Jan;36(1):83-7. Japanese.

PMID: 19151568 [Klonopin Withdrawal Klonopin Side Effects - indexed for Klonopin Withdrawal Klonopin Side Effects]

Blood concentrations of clonazepam and 7-aminoclonazepam in forensic cases in Denmark for the period 2002-2007.

Steentoft A, Linnet K.

Forensic Sci Int. 2009 Jan 30;184(1-3):74-9. Epub 2009 Jan 16.

PMID: 19150586 [Klonopin Withdrawal Klonopin Side Effects - in process]

Association of oxamniquine praziquantel and clonazepam in experimental Schistosomiasis mansoni.

Araujo N, Mattos AC, Coelho PM, Katz N.

Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz. 2008 Dec;103(8):781-5.

PMID: 19148417 [Klonopin Withdrawal Klonopin Side Effects - indexed for Klonopin Withdrawal Klonopin Side Effects]

[Catatonic syndrome associated with mixed bipolar disorder: a case report and therapeutic considerations]

Val AC, Souza A, Nicolato R, Teixeira AL, Salgado JV.

Rev Bras Psiquiatr. 2008 Dec;30(4):399-400. Portuguese. No abstract available.

PMID: 19142418 [Klonopin Withdrawal Klonopin Side Effects - indexed for Klonopin Withdrawal Klonopin Side Effects]

Persistent genital arousal disorder in 18 Dutch women: Part II. A syndrome clustered with restless legs and overactive bladder.

Waldinger MD, Schweitzer DH.

J Sex Med. 2009 Feb;6(2):482-97. Epub 2008 Dec 2.

PMID: 19138358 [Klonopin Withdrawal Klonopin Side Effects - in process]

Bioequivalence of two commercial preparations of escitalopram oxalate/clonazepam using a liquid chromatography-electrospray mass spectrometry method.

Agarwal S, Gowda KV, Selvan PS, Chattaraj TK, Pal TK.

Arzneimittelforschung. 2008;58(11):551-6.

PMID: 19137905 [Klonopin Withdrawal Klonopin Side Effects - indexed for Klonopin Withdrawal Klonopin Side Effects]

[Clinical and electrophysiologic studies on epileptic negative myoclonus in atypical benign partial epilepsy of childhood]

Yang ZX, Liu XY, Qin J, Zhang YH, Bao XH, Chang XZ, Wu Y, Xiong H.

Zhonghua Er Ke Za Zhi. 2008 Dec;46(12):885-90. Chinese.

PMID: 19134248 [Klonopin Withdrawal Klonopin Side Effects - in process]

[Comparison of metoprolol vs clonazepam as a first treatment choice among patients with neurocardiogenic syncope]

Márquez MF, Urias-Medina K, Gómez-Flores J, Sobrino A, Sotomayor-González A, González-Hermosillo A, Cárdenas M.

Gac Med Mex. 2008 Nov-Dec;144(6):503-7. Spanish.

PMID: 19112723 [Klonopin Withdrawal Klonopin Side Effects - indexed for Klonopin Withdrawal Klonopin Side Effects]

[Peripheral nerve damage and its pathogenesis induced by antiepileptic drugs in rats]

Zhong M, Cai FC, Zhang XP, Song Y.

Zhonghua Er Ke Za Zhi. 2008 Aug;46(8):574-8. Chinese.

PMID: 19099828 [Klonopin Withdrawal Klonopin Side Effects - in process]

Debate: Does genetic information in humans help us treat patients? PRO--genetic information in humans helps us treat patients. CON--genetic information does not help at all.

Delgado-Escueta AV, Bourgeois BF.

Epilepsia. 2008 Dec;49 Suppl 9:13-24. Review.

PMID: 19087113 [Klonopin Withdrawal Klonopin Side Effects - indexed for Klonopin Withdrawal Klonopin Side Effects]

Energetics of Ca2+ homeostasis during ischemia-reperfusion on neonatal rat hearts under high-[K+] cardioplegia.

Consolini AE, Bonazzola P.

Can J Physiol Pharmacol. 2008 Dec;86(12):866-79.

PMID: 19088808 [Klonopin Withdrawal Klonopin Side Effects - indexed for Klonopin Withdrawal Klonopin Side Effects]

Dose adjustment of phenytoin for comedication in Japanese patients with epilepsy.

Fukuoka N, Uno J, Tsukamoto T, Houchi H, Kimura M, Morita S.

Ther Drug Monit. 2009 Feb;31(1):57-62.

PMID: 19077928 [Klonopin Withdrawal Klonopin Side Effects - indexed for Klonopin Withdrawal Klonopin Side Effects]

Ultrasensitive immunoassay of 7-aminoclonazepam in human urine based on CdTe nanoparticle bioconjugations by fabricated microfluidic chip.

Chen W, Peng C, Jin Z, Qiao R, Wang W, Zhu S, Wang L, Jin Q, Xu C.

Biosens Bioelectron. 2009 Mar 15;24(7):2051-6. Epub 2008 Oct 31.

PMID: 19058957 [Klonopin Withdrawal Klonopin Side Effects - indexed for Klonopin Withdrawal Klonopin Side Effects]

Safety and pharmacokinetics of intravenous levetiracetam infusion as add-on in status epilepticus.

Uges JW, van Huizen MD, Engelsman J, Wilms EB, Touw DJ, Peeters E, Vecht CJ.

Epilepsia. 2009 Mar;50(3):415-21. Epub 2008 Nov 17.

PMID: 19054418 [Klonopin Withdrawal Klonopin Side Effects - indexed for Klonopin Withdrawal Klonopin Side Effects]

Optimal prevention of seizures induced by high-dose busulfan.

Eberly AL, Anderson GD, Bubalo JS, McCune JS.

Pharmacotherapy. 2008 Dec;28(12):1502-10. Review.

PMID: 19025431 [Klonopin Withdrawal Klonopin Side Effects - indexed for Klonopin Withdrawal Klonopin Side Effects]

Mitochondrial regulation of sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ content in vascular smooth muscle cells.

Poburko D, Liao CH, van Breemen C, Demaurex N.

Circ Res. 2009 Jan 2;104(1):104-12. Epub 2008 Nov 20.

PMID: 19023135 [Klonopin Withdrawal Klonopin Side Effects - indexed for Klonopin Withdrawal Klonopin Side Effects]

Quantitation of benzodiazepines in whole blood by electron impact-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry.

Tiscione NB, Shan X, Alford I, Yeatman DT.

J Anal Toxicol. 2008 Oct;32(8):644-52.

PMID: 19007516 [Klonopin Withdrawal Klonopin Side Effects - indexed for Klonopin Withdrawal Klonopin Side Effects]

Validation of SPE-HPLC determination of 1,4-benzodiazepines and metabolites in blood plasma, urine, and saliva.

Uddin MN, Samanidou VF, Papadoyannis IN.

J Sep Sci. 2008 Dec;31(21):3704-17.

PMID: 19003810 [Klonopin Withdrawal Klonopin Side Effects - indexed for Klonopin Withdrawal Klonopin Side Effects]

Mitochondrial inhibitors activate influx of external Ca(2+) in sea urchin sperm.

Ardón F, Rodríguez-Miranda E, Beltrán C, Hernández-Cruz A, Darszon A.

Biochim Biophys Acta. 2009 Jan;1787(1):15-24. Epub 2008 Oct 22.

PMID: 19000650 [Klonopin Withdrawal Klonopin Side Effects - indexed for Klonopin Withdrawal Klonopin Side Effects]

Apparent seizure and atrial fibrillation associated with paliperidone.

Schneider RA, Lizer MH.

Am J Health Syst Pharm. 2008 Nov 15;65(22):2122-5.

PMID: 18997140 [Klonopin Withdrawal Klonopin Side Effects - indexed for Klonopin Withdrawal Klonopin Side Effects]

Partial seizures and atypical absence seizures as a single ictal event in a patient with Lennox-Gastaut syndrome.

Yang Z, Liu X, Qin J, Zhang Y, Bao X, Xiong H.

J Child Neurol. 2008 Nov;23(11):1319-23.

PMID: 18984844 [Klonopin Withdrawal Klonopin Side Effects - indexed for Klonopin Withdrawal Klonopin Side Effects]

Television-provoked epilepsy in children: a follow-up survey from Isfahan, Iran.

Etemadifar M, Raoufi M, Maghzi AH, Ebrahimi A, Kaji-Esfahani M, Mousavi SA.

Arch Iran Med. 2008 Nov;11(6):649-53.

PMID: 18976036 [Klonopin Withdrawal Klonopin Side Effects - indexed for Klonopin Withdrawal Klonopin Side Effects]

Application of packed column supercritical fluid chromatography to the simultaneous determination of seven anticonvulsant drugs.

Bhoir IC, Patil ST, Sundaresan M.

Talanta. 1999 May;48(5):1179-89.

PMID: 18967563 [Klonopin Withdrawal Klonopin Side Effects - in process]

Simultaneous determination of benzodiazepines and their metabolites in human serum by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry using a high-resolution octadecyl silica column compatible with aqueous compounds.

Nakamura M, Ohmori T, Itoh Y, Terashita M, Hirano K.

Biomed Chromatogr. 2009 Apr;23(4):357-64.

PMID: 18937304 [Klonopin Withdrawal Klonopin Side Effects - in process]

Treatment of restless legs syndrome: an evidence-based review and implications for clinical practice.

Trenkwalder C, Hening WA, Montagna P, Oertel WH, Allen RP, Walters AS, Costa J, Stiasny-Kolster K, Sampaio C.

Mov Disord. 2008 Dec 15;23(16):2267-302. Review.

PMID: 18925578 [Klonopin Withdrawal Klonopin Side Effects - indexed for Klonopin Withdrawal Klonopin Side Effects]

Chemical submission: results of 4-year French inquiry.

Djezzar S, Questel F, Burin E, Dally S; French Network of Centers for Evaluation and Information on Pharmacodependence.

Int J Legal Med. 2009 May;123(3):213-9. Epub 2008 Oct 17.

PMID: 18925406 [Klonopin Withdrawal Klonopin Side Effects - in process]

Mitochondria modulate Ca2+-dependent glutamate release from rat cortical astrocytes.

Reyes RC, Parpura V.

J Neurosci. 2008 Sep 24;28(39):9682-91.

PMID: 18815254 [Klonopin Withdrawal Klonopin Side Effects - indexed for Klonopin Withdrawal Klonopin Side Effects]

A pilot study of clonazepam versus psychodynamic group therapy plus clonazepam in the treatment of generalized social anxiety disorder.

Knijnik DZ, Blanco C, Salum GA, Moraes CU, Mombach C, Almeida E, Pereira M, Strapasson A, Manfro GG, Eizirik CL.

Eur Psychiatry. 2008 Dec;23(8):567-74. Epub 2008 Sep 6.

PMID: 18774274 [Klonopin Withdrawal Klonopin Side Effects - indexed for Klonopin Withdrawal Klonopin Side Effects]

Behavioral disinhibition, suicidal ideation, and self-mutilation related to clonazepam.

Kandemir H, Yumru M, Kul M, Kandemir SB.

J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol. 2008 Aug;18(4):409. No abstract available.

PMID: 18759654 [Klonopin Withdrawal Klonopin Side Effects - indexed for Klonopin Withdrawal Klonopin Side Effects]

Mechanisms of unmodified CdSe quantum dot-induced elevation of cytoplasmic calcium levels in primary cultures of rat hippocampal neurons.

Tang M, Wang M, Xing T, Zeng J, Wang H, Ruan DY.

Biomaterials. 2008 Nov;29(33):4383-91. Epub 2008 Aug 26.

PMID: 18752844 [Klonopin Withdrawal Klonopin Side Effects - indexed for Klonopin Withdrawal Klonopin Side Effects]

Clonazepam for chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting (CINV).

Koga M, Nakadozono M, Nukariya K, Nogi H, Kobayashi T, Nakayama K.

Anticancer Res. 2008 Jul-Aug;28(4C):2433-6.

PMID: 18751430 [Klonopin Withdrawal Klonopin Side Effects - indexed for Klonopin Withdrawal Klonopin Side Effects]

Clonazepam oral droplets for the treatment of acute epileptic seizures.

Sakata O, Onishi H, Machida Y.

Drug Dev Ind Pharm. 2008 Dec;34(12):1376-80.

PMID: 18720141 [Klonopin Withdrawal Klonopin Side Effects - indexed for Klonopin Withdrawal Klonopin Side Effects]

Diagnosis of REM sleep behavior disorder by video-polysomnographic study: is one night enough?

Zhang J, Lam SP, Ho CK, Li AM, Tsoh J, Mok V, Wing YK.

Sleep. 2008 Aug 1;31(8):1179-85.

PMID: 18714790 [Klonopin Withdrawal Klonopin Side Effects - indexed for Klonopin Withdrawal Klonopin Side Effects]

Pharmacology

Anticonvulsant

Clonazepam pharmacological profile is similar to other anxiolytic/sedative benzodiazepines. Its basic anticonvulsive properties are also similar to those of other diazepines. Clonazepam is capable of suppressing the spike and wave discharge in absence seizures (petit mal) and decreasing the frequency, amplitude, duration and spread of discharge in minor motor seizures.

Clonazepam is well absorbed orally with maximum blood concentrations occurring in 1 to 2 hours. Clonazepam is metabolized by the liver to inactive metabolites, which are excreted mainly in the urine. Less than 0.5% of a dose is excreted in the urine unchanged and from 9 to 27% of a dose may be excreted in the feces. The half-life of the parent compound varies from approximately 18 to 50 hours.

Indications

Alone or as an adjunct in the management of myoclonic and akinetic seizures and petit mal variant (Lennox-Gastaut syndrome). May also be of some value in patients with absence spells (petit mal) who have failed to respond to succinimides.

Up to nearly 33% of the patients in some studies have shown a loss of anticonvulsant activity, often within the first 3 months of clonazepam administration. In some cases, dosage adjustment may re-establish efficacy.

Contraindications

Significant liver disease, narrow angle glaucoma, sensitivity to benzodiazepines.

Warnings

Pregnancy:
Recent reports indicate an association between the use of anticonvulsant drugs and an elevated incidence of birth defects in children born to epileptic women taking such medication during pregnancy. The incidence of congenital malformations in the general population is regarded to be approximately 2%; in children of treated epileptic women this incidence may be increased 2 to 3 fold. The increase is largely due to specific defects, e.g., congenital malformations of the heart, and cleft lip and/or palate. Nevertheless, the great majority of mothers receiving anticonvulsant medications deliver normal infants.

Data are more extensive with respect to phenytoin and phenobarbital, but these drugs are also the most commonly prescribed anticonvulsants. Some reports indicate a possible similar association with the use of other anticonvulsants, including trimethadione and paramethadione. However, the possibility also exists that other factors, e.g., genetic predisposition or the epileptic condition itself may contribute to or may be mainly responsible for the higher incidence of birth defects.

Anticonvulsants should not be discontinued in patients in whom the drug is administered to prevent major seizures, because of the strong possibility of precipitating status epilepticus with attendant hypoxia and risk to both the mother and the unborn child. With regard to drugs given for minor seizures, the risk of discontinuing medication prior to or during pregnancy should be weighed against the risk of congenital defects in the particular case and with the particular family history.

Epileptic women of childbearing age should be encouraged to seek professional counsel and should report the onset of pregnancy promptly to their physician. Where the necessity for continued use of antiepileptic medication is in doubt, appropriate consultation might be indicated.

In a reproductive study in rabbits, clonazepam administration was associated with an increased incidence of cleft palate and other anomalies at 2 dose concentrations. Accordingly, clonazepam should be used in women of childbearing potential only when the expected benefits to the patient warrant the possible risk to a fetus.

Lactation:
Mothers receiving clonazepam should not breast feed their infants.

Children:
Because of the possibility that adverse effects on childhood physical or mental development could become apparent only after years, a risk-benefit consideration of the long-term use of clonazepam is important in pediatric patients.

Precautions

Although simultaneous administration of several anticonvulsants may be considered with clonazepam, such combined therapy may result in an increase of central depressant adverse effects. In addition, the dosage of each drug may be required to be adjusted to obtain the optimum effect.

Abrupt withdrawal of clonazepam particularly in those patients on long-term, high dose therapy, may precipitate status epilepticus. Therefore, as with any other anticonvulsants, gradual withdrawal is essential when discontinuing clonazepam. While clonazepam is being gradually withdrawn, the simultaneous substitution of incremental doses of another anticonvulsant may be indicated.

A paradoxical increase in seizure activity or the appearance of new seizure types has occurred in a very few patients during clonazepam treatment. When used in patients in whom several different types of seizures coexist, clonazepam may increase the incidence or precipitate the onset of generalized tonic-clonic seizures (grand mal). These phenomena may require the addition of appropriate anticonvulsants or an increase in their dosages. The concomitant use of valproic acid and clonazepam may produce absence status.

Occupational Hazards:
Caution patients receiving clonazepam against engaging in hazardous occupations requiring complete mental alertness, such as operating machinery or driving a motor vehicle.

They also should be warned against the concomitant use of alcohol and other CNS depressant drugs.

The CNS depressant action of benzodiazepines may be potentiated by other drugs such as alcohol, narcotics, barbiturates, nonbarbiturate hypnotics, anxiolytics, phenothiazines, thioxanthene and butyrophenone antipsychotic agents, MAO inhibitors and tricyclic antidepressants.

Benzodiazepines have produced habituation, dependence and withdrawal symptoms similar to those noted with barbiturates and alcohol. Therefore, patients who may be prone to increasing the dose of drugs on their own initiative should be under careful monitoring when receiving clonazepam.

Periodic liver function tests and blood counts are recommended during long-term clonazepam therapy.

Clonazepam and its metabolites are excreted by the kidneys; to avoid excessive accumulation, exercise caution in administering the drug to patients with impaired renal function.

Hypersecretion in the upper respiratory passages has at times been a troublesome adverse reaction during clonazepam therapy, especially in small mentally retarded children who ordinarily have difficulty handling secretions. Treatment with clonazepam should be instituted with caution in patients with chronic respiratory diseases.

Adverse Effects

The most frequently occurring adverse reactions to clonazepam are referable to CNS depression. Drowsiness occurs in approximately 50% of patients and ataxia in approximately 30%. In some cases, these may diminish with time. Behaviour problems have been noted in approximately 25% of patients and increased salivation in 7%.

Others, listed by system, are:

CNS:
Alterations in behaviour, which have been variously reported as aggressiveness, argumentative behaviour, hyperactivity, agitation, depression, euphoria, irritability, forgetfulness and confusion. These behavioural reactions are particularly likely to occur in patients with a prior history of psychiatric disturbances and are known to occur in patients with chronic seizure disorders.

Other adverse reactions involving the CNS have included nystagmus, unsteady gait, slurred speech, dysarthria, vertigo, insomnia, and diplopia. Isolated reports of akinesia, hemiparesis, tremor, hypotonia, headache and choreiform movements have been received. Minor changes in EEG patterns specifically low-voltage fast activity.

Gastrointestinal:
Increased salivation, nausea, vomiting, anorexia, constipation, diarrhea, encopresis, dry mouth, increased appetite, abdominal pain, hepatomegaly.

Genitourinary:
Rare instances of dysuria, nocturia, incontinence, urinary retention, enuresis.

Integumentary:
Nonspecific erythematous, papular and maculopapular rashes, swelling of the face and eyelids, urticaria, pruritus. Hirsutism and hair loss have also been reported, but drug relationship has not been established.

Musculoskeletal:
Muscle weakness, low back pain.

Respiratory:
Hypersecretion in the upper respiratory passages, rhinorrhea, dyspnea, respiratory depression.

Hematopoietic:
Anemia, leukopenia (WBC below 4000/mm(3)), thrombocytopenia, eosinophilia.

Liver function:
Slight, transient elevations of transaminase and alkaline phosphatase.

Miscellaneous:
Palpitations, coated tongue, dehydration, fever, lymphadenopathy, weight gain or loss, changes in libido, gynecomastia, hallucinations, dysdiadochokinesis, coma, aphonia.

Overdose

Symptoms:
The cardinal manifestations of overdosage are drowsiness and confusion, reduced reflexes and coma. There are minimal effects on respiration, pulse and blood pressure, unless the overdosage is extreme. Patients have recovered from dosages of up to 60 mg without special treatment. When the effects of the drug overdosage begin to wear off, the patient exhibits some jitteriness and over stimulation.

Treatment:
Gastric lavage may be beneficial if performed soon after ingestion of clonazepam. Supportive measures should be instituted as indicated: maintenance of an adequate airway, i.v. fluids and monitoring of pulse, blood pressure and respiration. CNS stimulants and vasopressors may be used if necessary. Dialysis appears to be of no value.

Dosage

Must be determined individually according to clinical response and tolerance and depends primarily on the patient's age.

Children:
In order to minimize drowsiness, the initial dose for infants and children (up to 10 years of age or 30 kg) should be between 10 and 30 mcg/kg/day and should not exceed 50 mcg/kg/day given in 2 or 3 divided doses. Dosage should be increased by no more than 250 to 500 mcg every third day until a maintenance dose of 100 to 200 mcg/kg has been reached, unless seizures are controlled or adverse effects preclude further increase. Whenever possible, the daily dose should be divided into 3 equal doses. If doses are not equally divided, the larger dose should be given before retiring.

Adults:
The initial adult dose should not exceed 1.5 mg/day divided into 3 doses. Dosage may be increased in increments of 0.5 to 1 mg every 3 days until seizures are adequately controlled or until adverse effects preclude any further increase. Maintenance dosage must be individualized for each patient depending upon response. A recommended adult maintenance dose is 8 to 10 mg/day in 3 divided doses. Dosages in excess of 20 mg/day should be administered with caution.

The use of multiple anticonvulsants may result in an increase of depressant adverse effects. This should be borne in mind whenever clonazepam is added to an already existing anticonvulsant regimen.

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