Yatham LN, Kennedy SH, Schaffer A, Parikh SV, Beaulieu S, O'Donovan C, MacQueen G, McIntyre RS, Sharma V, Ravindran A, Young LT, Young AH, Alda M, Milev R, Vieta E, Calabrese JR, Berk M, Ha K, Kapczinski F.

Bipolar Disord. 2009 May;11(3):225-55.

Wellbutrin: 19419382 [Wellbutrin - in process]

[Combining Antidepressants: a Useful Strategy for Therapy Resistant Depression?]

Schmauß M, Messer T.

Fortschr Neurol Psychiatr. 2009 May 4. [Epub ahead of print] German.

Wellbutrin: 19415584 [Wellbutrin - as supplied by publisher]

Antidepressants at Environmentally Relevant Concentrations Affect Predator Avoidance Behavior of Larval Fathead Minnows (Pimephales promelas).

Painter MM, Buerkley MA, Julius ML, Vajda AM, Norris DO, Barber LB, Furlong ET, Schultz MM, Schoenfuss HL.

Environ Toxicol Chem. 2009 Apr 30:1. [Epub ahead of print]

Wellbutrin: 19405782 [Wellbutrin - as supplied by publisher]

Sustained-release bupropion for hospital-based smoking cessation: A randomized trial.

Simon JA, Duncan C, Huggins J, Solkowitz S, Carmody TP.

Nicotine Tob Res. 2009 Jun;11(6):663-669. Epub 2009 Apr 24.

Wellbutrin: 19395688 [Wellbutrin - as supplied by publisher]

Illicit drug use as a predictor of smoking cessation treatment outcome.

Stapleton JA, Keaney F, Sutherland G.

Nicotine Tob Res. 2009 Jun;11(6):685-689. Epub 2009 Apr 24.

Wellbutrin: 19395684 [Wellbutrin - as supplied by publisher]

Varenicline: a first-line treatment option for smoking cessation.

Garrison GD, Dugan SE.

Clin Ther. 2009 Mar;31(3):463-91.

Wellbutrin: 19393839 [Wellbutrin - in process]

Extended treatment of older cigarette smokers.

Hall SM, Humfleet GL, Muñoz RF, Reus VI, Robbins JA, Prochaska JJ.

Addiction. 2009 Jun;104(6):1043-52. Epub 2009 Apr 9.

Wellbutrin: 19392908 [Wellbutrin - in process]

Insomnia in patients with depression: some pathophysiological and treatment considerations.

Jindal RD.

CNS Drugs. 2009;23(4):309-29. doi: 10.2165/00023210-200923040-00004.

Wellbutrin: 19374460 [Wellbutrin - in process]

Escitalopram versus other antidepressive agents for depression.

Cipriani A, Santilli C, Furukawa TA, Signoretti A, Nakagawa A, McGuire H, Churchill R, Barbui C.

Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2009 Apr 15;(2):CD006532. Review.

Wellbutrin: 19370639 [Wellbutrin - in process]

Sertraline versus other antidepressive agents for depression.

Cipriani A, La Ferla T, Furukawa TA, Signoretti A, Nakagawa A, Churchill R, McGuire H, Barbui C.

Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2009 Apr 15;(2):CD006117. Review.

Wellbutrin: 19370626 [Wellbutrin - in process]

Bupropion and naltrexone: a review of their use individually and in combination for the treatment of obesity.

Plodkowski RA, Nguyen Q, Sundaram U, Nguyen L, Chau DL, St Jeor S.

Expert Opin Pharmacother. 2009 Apr;10(6):1069-81.

Wellbutrin: 19364254 [Wellbutrin - in process]

Tobacco dependence and withdrawal: Science base, challenges and opportunities for pharmacotherapy.

Henningfield JE, Shiffman S, Ferguson SG, Gritz ER.

Pharmacol Ther. 2009 Jul;123(1):1-16. Epub 2009 Apr 8.

Wellbutrin: 19362108 [Wellbutrin - as supplied by publisher]

PRECLINICAL EVALUATION OF THE ABUSE POTENTIAL OF THE ANALGESIC BICIFADINE.

Nicholson KL, Balster RL, Golembiowska K, Kowalska M, Tizzano JP, Skolnick P, Basile AS.

J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2009 Apr 8. [Epub ahead of print]

Wellbutrin: 19357320 [Wellbutrin - as supplied by publisher]

Triple-combination pharmacotherapy for medically ill smokers: a randomized trial.

Steinberg MB, Greenhaus S, Schmelzer AC, Bover MT, Foulds J, Hoover DR, Carson JL.

Ann Intern Med. 2009 Apr 7;150(7):447-54.

Wellbutrin: 19349630 [Wellbutrin - indexed for MEDLINE]

Effect of varying levels of disease management on smoking cessation: a randomized trial.

Ellerbeck EF, Mahnken JD, Cupertino AP, Cox LS, Greiner KA, Mussulman LM, Nazir N, Shireman TI, Resnicow K, Ahluwalia JS.

Ann Intern Med. 2009 Apr 7;150(7):437-46.

Wellbutrin: 19349629 [Wellbutrin - indexed for MEDLINE]

Summaries for patients. Comparison of 3 strategies to quit smoking.

[No authors listed]

Ann Intern Med. 2009 Apr 7;150(7):I-36. No abstract available.

Wellbutrin: 19349626 [Wellbutrin - indexed for MEDLINE]

Comparing smoking treatment programs for lighter smokers with and without a history of heavier smoking.

Gariti P, Lynch K, Alterman A, Kampman K, Xie H, Varillo K.

J Subst Abuse Treat. 2009 Mar 30. [Epub ahead of print]

Wellbutrin: 19339135 [Wellbutrin - as supplied by publisher]

Interaction of Bupropion with Muscle-Type Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors in Different Conformational States.

Arias HR, Gumilar F, Rosenberg A, Targowska-Duda KM, Feuerbach D, Jozwiak K, Moaddel R, Wainer IW, Bouzat C.

Biochemistry. 2009 Apr 10. [Epub ahead of print]

Wellbutrin: 19334677 [Wellbutrin - as supplied by publisher]

Incidence of major malformations in infants following antidepressant exposure in pregnancy: results of a large prospective cohort study.

Einarson A, Choi J, Einarson TR, Koren G.

Can J Psychiatry. 2009 Apr;54(4):242-6.

Wellbutrin: 19321030 [Wellbutrin - in process]

Self-reported smoking cessation activities among Swiss primary care physicians.

Jacot Sadowski I, Ruffieux C, Cornuz J.

BMC Fam Pract. 2009 Mar 25;10:22.

Wellbutrin: 19320964 [Wellbutrin - indexed for MEDLINE]

Bupropion has no effect on intraocular pressure or other ophthalmologic parameters after single or repeat doses in healthy volunteers.

Ghibellini G, Park J, Brittain CF, Iavarone L, Andorn AC, Levy N, Muir KT.

J Clin Pharmacol. 2009 Apr;49(4):489-95. No abstract available.

Wellbutrin: 19318697 [Wellbutrin - in process]

An investigation of bupropion substitution for the interoceptive stimulus effects of nicotine.

Wilkinson J, Carroll F, Bevins R.

J Psychopharmacol. 2009 Mar 20. [Epub ahead of print]

Wellbutrin: 19304864 [Wellbutrin - as supplied by publisher]

Effects of co-administration of bupropion and nicotine or D-amphetamine on the elevated plus maze test in mice.

Biala G, Kruk M.

J Pharm Pharmacol. 2009 Apr;61(4):493-502.

Wellbutrin: 19298697 [Wellbutrin - in process]

[Cost effectiveness analysis of varenicline (Champix) for the treatment of smoking in Spain]

Fernández de Bobadilla Osorio J, Sánchez-Maestre C, Brosa Riestra M, Arroyo O, Sanz de Burgoa V, Wilson K.

An Med Interna. 2008 Jul;25(7):342-8. Spanish.

Wellbutrin: 19295994 [Wellbutrin - in process]

Treatment-resistant depression and mortality after acute coronary syndrome.

Carney RM, Freedland KE.

Am J Psychiatry. 2009 Apr;166(4):410-7. Epub 2009 Mar 16. Review.

Wellbutrin: 19289455 [Wellbutrin - indexed for MEDLINE]

Smoking cessation in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.

Tashkin DP, Murray RP.

Respir Med. 2009 Mar 14. [Epub ahead of print]

Wellbutrin: 19285850 [Wellbutrin - as supplied by publisher]

Four years' follow up at a smoking cessation clinic.

Aguiar M, Todo-Bom F, Felizardo M, Macedo R, Caeiro F, Sotto-Mayor R, Bugalho de Almeida A.

Rev Port Pneumol. 2009 Mar-Apr;15(2):179-97. English, Portuguese.

Wellbutrin: 19280068 [Wellbutrin - in process]

[The relevance of dopamine agonists in the treatment of depression]

Clausius N, Born C, Grunze H.

Neuropsychiatr. 2009;23(1):15-25. Review. German.

Wellbutrin: 19272288 [Wellbutrin - indexed for MEDLINE]

1-(m-Chlorophenyl)piperazine induces depressogenic-like behaviour in rodents by stimulating the neuronal 5-HT(2A) receptors: proposal of a modified rodent antidepressant assay.

Rajkumar R, Pandey DK, Mahesh R, Radha R.

Eur J Pharmacol. 2009 Apr 17;608(1-3):32-41. Epub 2009 Mar 6.

Wellbutrin: 19269287 [Wellbutrin - in process]

Bupropion levels in breast milk for 4 mother-infant pairs: more answers to lingering questions.

Davis MF, Miller HS, Nolan PE Jr.

J Clin Psychiatry. 2009 Feb;70(2):297-8. No abstract available.

Wellbutrin: 19265649 [Wellbutrin - indexed for MEDLINE]

Active computerized pharmacovigilance using natural language processing, statistics, and electronic health records: a feasibility study.

Wang X, Hripcsak G, Markatou M, Friedman C.

J Am Med Inform Assoc. 2009 May-Jun;16(3):328-37. Epub 2009 Mar 4.

Wellbutrin: 19261932 [Wellbutrin - in process]

[Smoking cessation with special focus on primary health care]

Bredesen H, Lous J.

Ugeskr Laeger. 2009 Feb 23;171(9):683-8. Danish.

Wellbutrin: 19257992 [Wellbutrin - indexed for MEDLINE]

Genetic variation as a predictor of smoking cessation success. A promising preventive and intervention tool for chronic respiratory diseases?

Quaak M, van Schayck CP, Knaapen AM, van Schooten FJ.

Eur Respir J. 2009 Mar;33(3):468-80.

Wellbutrin: 19251795 [Wellbutrin - in process]

Intention to quit moderates the effect of bupropion on smoking urge.

Tidey JW, Rohsenow DJ.

Nicotine Tob Res. 2009 Mar;11(3):308-12. Epub 2009 Feb 26.

Wellbutrin: 19246631 [Wellbutrin - in process]

Varenicline and bupropion sustained-release combination therapy for smoking cessation.

Ebbert JO, Croghan IT, Sood A, Schroeder DR, Hays JT, Hurt RD.

Nicotine Tob Res. 2009 Mar;11(3):234-9. Epub 2009 Feb 25.

Wellbutrin: 19246427 [Wellbutrin - in process]

A reader responds to "Seven pharmacotherapies do promote smoking abstinence at 6 and 12 months".

Talwar A, Jain M, Arora G.

Medscape J Med. 2008;10(12):291. Epub 2008 Dec 26. No abstract available.

Wellbutrin: 19242597 [Wellbutrin - indexed for MEDLINE]

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[Psychiatry]

Gervasoni N, Bryois C, Barbe R, Bertschy G.

Rev Med Suisse. 2009 Jan 14;5(186):138-42. French.

Wellbutrin: 19238934 [Wellbutrin - indexed for MEDLINE]

Antidepressants in the treatment of adult attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: a systematic review.

Verbeeck W, Tuinier S, Bekkering GE.

Adv Ther. 2009 Feb;26(2):170-84. Epub 2009 Feb 23.

Wellbutrin: 19238340 [Wellbutrin - in process]

A preliminary benefit-risk assessment of varenicline in smoking cessation.

Cahill K, Stead L, Lancaster T.

Drug Saf. 2009;32(2):119-35. doi: 10.2165/00002018-200932020-00005. Review.

Wellbutrin: 19236119 [Wellbutrin - indexed for MEDLINE]

Nocturnal sleep-disturbing nicotine craving and accomplishment with a smoking cessation program.

Riemerth A, Kunze U, Groman E.

Wien Med Wochenschr. 2009;159(1-2):47-52.

Wellbutrin: 19225735 [Wellbutrin - indexed for MEDLINE]

[Varenicline - pharmacological therapy of tobacco dependence]

Tschabitscher P, Homaier I, Lichtenschopf A, Groman E.

Wien Med Wochenschr. 2009;159(1-2):17-23. German.

Wellbutrin: 19225731 [Wellbutrin - indexed for MEDLINE]

Regular exercise as a protective factor in relapse following smoking cessation treatment.

Abrantes AM, Strong DR, Lloyd-Richardson EE, Niaura R, Kahler CW, Brown RA.

Am J Addict. 2009 Jan-Feb;18(1):100-1. No abstract available.

Wellbutrin: 19219672 [Wellbutrin - indexed for MEDLINE]

A preliminary trial: double-blind comparison of nefazodone, bupropion-SR, and placebo in the treatment of cannabis dependence.

Carpenter KM, McDowell D, Brooks DJ, Cheng WY, Levin FR.

Am J Addict. 2009 Jan-Feb;18(1):53-64.

Wellbutrin: 19219666 [Wellbutrin - indexed for MEDLINE]

Smoking cessation increases serum adiponectin levels in an apparently healthy Greek population.

Efstathiou SP, Skeva II, Dimas C, Panagiotou A, Parisi K, Tzanoumis L, Kafouri A, Bakratsas K, Mountokalakis TD.

Atherosclerosis. 2009 Jan 24. [Epub ahead of print]

Wellbutrin: 19217624 [Wellbutrin - as supplied by publisher]

On call. My wife gets down in the dumps each January. She thinks it's just because of the holidays have come and gone, but I think it's more than that. Is it depression?

Simon HB.

Harv Mens Health Watch. 2009 Jan;13(6):8. No abstract available.

Wellbutrin: 19216119 [Wellbutrin - indexed for MEDLINE]

An Examination of Attitudes, Knowledge, and Clinical Practices Among Pennsylvania Pediatricians Regarding Breastfeeding and Smoking.

Lucero CA, Moss DR, Davies ED, Colborn K, Barnhart WC, Bogen DL.

Breastfeed Med. 2009 Feb 11. [Epub ahead of print]

Wellbutrin: 19210131 [Wellbutrin - as supplied by publisher]

Cost-effective primary care-based strategies to improve smoking cessation: more value for money.

Salize HJ, Merkel S, Reinhard I, Twardella D, Mann K, Brenner H.

Arch Intern Med. 2009 Feb 9;169(3):230-5; discussion 235-6.

Wellbutrin: 19204212 [Wellbutrin - indexed for MEDLINE]

Smoking Coca Paste and crack-tobacco must be treated as double addiction.

Llosa T.

Subst Abus. 2009 Jan-Mar;30(1):81. No abstract available.

Wellbutrin: 19197785 [Wellbutrin - indexed for MEDLINE]

Bupropion as a possible treatment option for restless legs syndrome.

Lee JJ, Erdos J, Wilkosz MF, LaPlante R, Wagoner B.

Ann Pharmacother. 2009 Feb;43(2):370-4. Epub 2009 Feb 3.

Wellbutrin: 19193596 [Wellbutrin - in process]

Randomized trial assessing the effectiveness of a pharmacist-delivered program for smoking cessation.

Dent LA, Harris KJ, Noonan CW.

Ann Pharmacother. 2009 Feb;43(2):194-201. Epub 2009 Feb 3.

Wellbutrin: 19193572 [Wellbutrin - in process]

Antidepressant-associated mood elevations in bipolar II disorder compared with bipolar I disorder and major depressive disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Bond DJ, Noronha MM, Kauer-Sant'Anna M, Lam RW, Yatham LN.

J Clin Psychiatry. 2008 Oct;69(10):1589-601. Review.

Wellbutrin: 19192442 [Wellbutrin - indexed for MEDLINE]

[Pharmacotherapy of smoking cessation with application of nicotine and nicotine free drugs]

Florek E, Piekoszewski W.

Przegl Lek. 2008;65(10):700-5. Review. Polish.

Wellbutrin: 19189582 [Wellbutrin - indexed for MEDLINE]

[Smoking cessation as regards anesthesia and surgery]

Billert H, Gaca M, Adamski D.

Przegl Lek. 2008;65(10):687-91. Review. Polish.

Wellbutrin: 19189579 [Wellbutrin - indexed for MEDLINE]

Tobacco in prisons: a focus group study.

Richmond R, Butler T, Wilhelm K, Wodak A, Cunningham M, Anderson I.

Tob Control. 2009 Jun;18(3):176-82. Epub 2009 Feb 2.

Wellbutrin: 19188210 [Wellbutrin - in process]

Comparative efficacy and acceptability of 12 new-generation antidepressants: a multiple-treatments meta-analysis.

Cipriani A, Furukawa TA, Salanti G, Geddes JR, Higgins JP, Churchill R, Watanabe N, Nakagawa A, Omori IM, McGuire H, Tansella M, Barbui C.

Lancet. 2009 Feb 28;373(9665):746-58. Review.

Wellbutrin: 19185342 [Wellbutrin - indexed for MEDLINE]

Pharmacotherapy for tobacco dependence.

Fant RV, Buchhalter AR, Buchman AC, Henningfield JE.

Handb Exp Pharmacol. 2009;(192):487-510. Review.

Wellbutrin: 19184660 [Wellbutrin - indexed for MEDLINE]

Nicotine Dependence Pharmacogenetics: Role of Genetic Variation in Nicotine-Metabolizing Enzymes.

Ray R, Tyndale RF, Lerman C.

J Neurogenet. 2009 Jan 23:1-10. [Epub ahead of print]

Wellbutrin: 19169923 [Wellbutrin - as supplied by publisher]

Metabolic activation of mifepristone [RU486; 17beta-hydroxy-11beta-(4-dimethylaminophenyl)-17alpha-(1-propynyl)-estra-4,9-dien-3-one] by mammalian cytochromes P450 and the mechanism-based inactivation of human CYP2B6.

Lin HL, Zhang H, Hollenberg PF.

J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2009 Apr;329(1):26-37. Epub 2009 Jan 23.

Wellbutrin: 19168709 [Wellbutrin - indexed for MEDLINE]

The effect of venlafaxine compared with other antidepressants and placebo in the treatment of major depression: A meta-analysis.

Bauer M, Tharmanathan P, Volz HP, Moeller HJ, Freemantle N.

Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2009 Apr;259(3):172-85. Epub 2009 Jan 22.

Wellbutrin: 19165525 [Wellbutrin - in process]

Double-blind, placebo-controlled evaluation of extended-release bupropion in elderly patients with major depressive disorder.

Hewett K, Chrzanowski W, Jokinen R, Felgentreff R, Shrivastava R, Gee M, Wightman D, O'Leary M, Millen L, Leon M, Briggs M, Krishen A, Modell J.

J Psychopharmacol. 2009 Jan 22. [Epub ahead of print]

Wellbutrin: 19164492 [Wellbutrin - as supplied by publisher]

Rhabdomyolysis associated with bupropion use as a smoking cessation adjunct: review of the literature.

Miladi A.

Mil Med. 2008 Oct;173(10):1042-3. Review.

Wellbutrin: 19160627 [Wellbutrin - indexed for MEDLINE]

Prescribing during pregnancy. Prenatal drug exposure and an untreated psychiatric disorder both present risks.

[No authors listed]

Harv Ment Health Lett. 2008 Dec;25(6):1-3. No abstract available.

Wellbutrin: 19160573 [Wellbutrin - indexed for MEDLINE]

Interventions for preventing weight gain after smoking cessation.

Parsons AC, Shraim M, Inglis J, Aveyard P, Hajek P.

Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2009 Jan 21;(1):CD006219. Review.

Wellbutrin: 19160269 [Wellbutrin - indexed for MEDLINE]

Relapse prevention interventions for smoking cessation.

Hajek P, Stead LF, West R, Jarvis M, Lancaster T.

Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2009 Jan 21;(1):CD003999. Review.

Wellbutrin: 19160228 [Wellbutrin - indexed for MEDLINE]

Do implementation issues influence the effectiveness of medications? The case of nicotine replacement therapy and bupropion in UK Stop Smoking Services.

McEwen A, West R.

BMC Public Health. 2009 Jan 21;9:28.

Wellbutrin: 19159473 [Wellbutrin - indexed for MEDLINE]

A survey of tobacco dependence treatment services in 36 countries.

Raw M, Regan S, Rigotti NA, McNeill A.

Addiction. 2009 Feb;104(2):279-87.

Wellbutrin: 19149825 [Wellbutrin - indexed for MEDLINE]

Evaluation of risk factors for elevated tricyclic antidepressant plasma concentrations.

Billups SJ, Delate T, Dugan D.

Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf. 2009 Mar;18(3):253-7.

Wellbutrin: 19148878 [Wellbutrin - indexed for MEDLINE]

Positron emission tomographic measure of brain dopamine dependence to nicotine as a model of drugs of abuse.

Domino EF, Tsukada H, Harada N.

Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2009 May;204(1):149-53. Epub 2009 Jan 10.

Wellbutrin: 19137279 [Wellbutrin - in process]

Sex heterogeneity in pharmacogenetic smoking cessation clinical trials.

Schnoll RA, Patterson F.

Drug Alcohol Depend. 2009 Jan 7. [Epub ahead of print]

Wellbutrin: 19135319 [Wellbutrin - as supplied by publisher]

[Specific program for smoking cessation: thus your patients become nonsmokers]

Hering T.

MMW Fortschr Med. 2008 Nov 13;150(46):42-3. German. No abstract available.

Wellbutrin: 19133359 [Wellbutrin - indexed for MEDLINE]

A 51-year-old woman with bipolar disorder who wants to quit smoking.

Schroeder SA.

JAMA. 2009 Feb 4;301(5):522-31. Epub 2009 Jan 6.

Wellbutrin: 19126801 [Wellbutrin - indexed for MEDLINE]

Pharmacotherapy for smoking cessation.

Carrozzi L, Pistelli F, Viegi G.

Ther Adv Respir Dis. 2008 Oct;2(5):301-17. Review.

Wellbutrin: 19124379 [Wellbutrin - indexed for MEDLINE]

Smoking cessation treatment in a real-life setting: the Greek experience.

Rovina N, Nikoloutsou I, Dima E, Michailidou M, Roussos C, Gratziou C.

Ther Adv Respir Dis. 2007 Dec;1(2):93-104.

Wellbutrin: 19124351 [Wellbutrin - indexed for MEDLINE]

Tardive dyskinesia associated with long-term administration of escitalopram and itopride in major depressive disorder.

Park YM, Lee HJ, Kang SG, Choo CS, Cho JH.

Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 2009 Mar 17;33(2):380-1. Epub 2008 Dec 13. No abstract available.

Wellbutrin: 19121360 [Wellbutrin - indexed for MEDLINE]

Helping smokers quit: understanding the barriers to utilization of smoking cessation services.

Gollust SE, Schroeder SA, Warner KE.

Milbank Q. 2008 Dec;86(4):601-27.

Wellbutrin: 19120982 [Wellbutrin - indexed for MEDLINE]

Use of mRNA expression to detect the induction of drug metabolising enzymes in rat and human hepatocytes.

Richert L, Tuschl G, Abadie C, Blanchard N, Pekthong D, Mantion G, Weber JC, Mueller SO.

Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 2009 Feb 15;235(1):86-96. Epub 2008 Dec 10.

Wellbutrin: 19118567 [Wellbutrin - indexed for MEDLINE]

Bupropion-associated QRS prolongation unresponsive to sodium bicarbonate therapy.

Wills BK, Zell-Kanter M, Aks SE.

Am J Ther. 2009 Mar-Apr;16(2):193-6.

Wellbutrin: 19114875 [Wellbutrin - indexed for MEDLINE]

A review of co-morbid depression in pediatric ADHD: etiology, phenomenology, and treatment.

Daviss WB.

J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol. 2008 Dec;18(6):565-71. Review.

Wellbutrin: 19108661 [Wellbutrin - indexed for MEDLINE]

Effect of increasing intraperitoneal infusion rates on bupropion hydrochloride-induced seizures in mice.

Silverstone PH, Williams R, McMahon L, Fleming R, Fogarty S.

Ann Gen Psychiatry. 2008 Dec 23;7:27.

Wellbutrin: 19105845 [Wellbutrin - in process]

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Review: varenicline, bupropion, and nicotine replacement therapies are effective for smoking cessation at 6 or 12 months.

Lamarche K.

Evid Based Nurs. 2009 Jan;12(1):10. No abstract available.

Wellbutrin: 19103828 [Wellbutrin]

Behavioural and pharmacological mechanisms of bupropion's anti-smoking effects: recent preclinical and clinical insights.

Paterson NE.

Eur J Pharmacol. 2009 Jan 28;603(1-3):1-11. Epub 2008 Dec 16. Review.

Wellbutrin: 19101536 [Wellbutrin - indexed for MEDLINE]

Nicotine exposure during adolescence induces a depression-like state in adulthood.

Iñiguez SD, Warren BL, Parise EM, Alcantara LF, Schuh B, Maffeo ML, Manojlovic Z, Bolaños-Guzmán CA.

Neuropsychopharmacology. 2009 May;34(6):1609-24. Epub 2008 Dec 17.

Wellbutrin: 19092782 [Wellbutrin - in process]

Pavlovian drug discrimination with bupropion as a feature positive occasion setter: substitution by methamphetamine and nicotine, but not cocaine.

Wilkinson JL, Li C, Bevins RA.

Addict Biol. 2009 Apr;14(2):165-73. Epub 2008 Dec 12.

Wellbutrin: 19076926 [Wellbutrin - in process]

Induction of cytochrome P450 2B6 activity by the herbal medicine baicalin as measured by bupropion hydroxylation.

Fan L, Wang JC, Jiang F, Tan ZR, Chen Y, Li Q, Zhang W, Wang G, Lei HP, Hu DL, Wang D, Zhou HH.

Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 2009 Apr;65(4):403-9. Epub 2008 Dec 9.

Wellbutrin: 19066872 [Wellbutrin - indexed for MEDLINE]

Tobacco smoking cessation management: integrating varenicline in current practice.

Galanti LM.

Vasc Health Risk Manag. 2008;4(4):837-45. Review.

Wellbutrin: 19066000 [Wellbutrin - indexed for MEDLINE]

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Evidence for the involvement of the monoaminergic system in the antidepressant-like effect of magnesium.

Cardoso CC, Lobato KR, Binfaré RW, Ferreira PK, Rosa AO, Santos AR, Rodrigues AL.

Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 2009 Mar 17;33(2):235-42. Epub 2008 Nov 27.

Wellbutrin: 19059299 [Wellbutrin - indexed for MEDLINE]

Mechanism-based inhibition of human cytochrome P450 2B6 by ticlopidine, clopidogrel, and the thiolactone metabolite of prasugrel.

Nishiya Y, Hagihara K, Ito T, Tajima M, Miura S, Kurihara A, Farid NA, Ikeda T.

Drug Metab Dispos. 2009 Mar;37(3):589-93. Epub 2008 Dec 1.

Wellbutrin: 19047469 [Wellbutrin - in process]

Wellbutrin - Alert from the F.D.A.

FDA ALERT [07/2005]: Suicidal Thoughts or Actions in Children and Adults

Patients with depression or other mental illnesses often think about or attempt suicide. Closely watch anyone taking antidepressants, especially early in treatment or when the dose is changed. Patients who become irritable or anxious, or have new or increased thoughts of suicide or other changes in mood or behavior (or their care givers) should contact their healthcare professional right away.

Children

Taking antidepressants may increase suicidal thoughts and actions in about 1 out of 50 people 18 years or younger. FDA has approved Zoloft for use in children only if they have obsessive-compulsive disorder.

Adults

Several recent scientific publications report the possibility of an increased risk for suicidal behavior in adults who are being treated with antidepressant medications. Even before these reports became available, FDA began a complete review of all available data to determine whether there is an increased risk of suicidal thinking or behavior in adults being treated with antidepressant medications. It is expected that this review will take a year or longer to complete. In the meantime, FDA is highlighting that adults being treated with antidepressant medication, particularly those being treated for depression, should be watched closely for worsening of depression and for increased suicidal thinking or behavior.

This information reflects FDA’s preliminary analysis of data concerning this drug. FDA is considering, but has not reached a final conclusion about, this information. FDA intends to update this sheet when additional information or analyses become available.

Wellbutrin withdrawal Body

Wellbutrin withdrawal Dry Mouth - The usual amount to moisture in the mouth is noticeably less.

Wellbutrin withdrawal Sweating Increased - A large quantity of perspiration that is medically caused.

Wellbutrin withdrawal Cardiovascular (Involving the heart and the blood vessels)

Wellbutrin withdrawal Palpitation - Unusual and not normal heartbeat, that is sometimes irregular, but rapid and forceful thumping or fluttering. It can be brought on by shock, excitement, exertion, or medical stimulants. A person is normally unaware of his/her heartbeat.

Wellbutrin withdrawal Hypertension - is high blood pressure, which is a symptom of disease in the blood vessels leading away from the heart. Hypertension is known as the “silent killer”. The symptoms are usually not obvious, however it can lead to damage to the heart, brain, kidneys and eye, and even to stroke and kidney failure. Treatment includes dietary and lifestyle changes.

Wellbutrin withdrawal Bradycardia - The heart rate is slowed from 72 beats per minute, which is normal, to below 60 beats per minute in an adult.

Wellbutrin withdrawal Tachycardia - The heart rate is speeded up to above 100 beats per minute in an adult. Normal adult heart rate is 72 beats per minute.

Wellbutrin withdrawal ECG Abnormal - A test called an electrocardiogram (ECG) that records the activity of the heart. It measures heartbeats as will as the position and size of the heart’s four chambers. It also measures if there is damage to the heart and the effects of drugs or mechanical devices like a pacemaker on the heart. When the test is abnormal this means that one or more of the following are present: heart disease, defects, beating too fast or too slow, disease of the blood vessels leading from the heart or of the heart valves, and/or a past or about to occur heart attack.

Wellbutrin withdrawal Flushing - The skin all over the body turns red.

Wellbutrin withdrawal Varicose Vein - Unusually swollen veins near the surface of the skin that sometimes appear twisted and knotted, but always enlarged. They are called hemorrhoids when they appear around the rectum. The cause is attributed to hereditary weakness in the veins aggravated by obesity, pregnancy, pressure from standing, aging, etc. Severe cases may develop swelling in the legs, ankles and feet, eczema and/or ulcers in the affected areas.

Wellbutrin withdrawal Gastrointestinal (Involving the stomach and the intestines)

Wellbutrin withdrawal Abdominal Cramp/Pain - Sudden, severe, uncontrollable and painful shortening and thickening of the muscles in the belly. The belly includes the stomach as well as the intestines, liver, kidneys, pancreas, spleen, gall bladder, and urinary bladder.

Wellbutrin withdrawal Belching - Noisy release of gas from the stomach through the mouth; a burp.

Wellbutrin withdrawal Bloating - Swelling of the belly caused by excessive intestinal gas.

Wellbutrin withdrawal Constipation - Difficulty in having a bowel movement where the material in the bowels is hard due to a lack of exercise, fluid intake, and roughage in the diet, or due to certain drugs.

Wellbutrin withdrawal Diarrhea - Unusually frequent and excessive, runny bowel movements that may result in severe dehydration and shock.

Wellbutrin withdrawal Dyspepsia - Indigestion. This is the discomfort you experience after eating. It can be heartburn, gas, nausea, a bellyache or bloating.

Wellbutrin withdrawal Flatulence - More gas than normal in the digestive organs.

Wellbutrin withdrawal Gagging - Involuntary choking and/or involuntary throwing up.

Wellbutrin withdrawal Gastritis - A severe irritation of the mucus lining of the stomach either short in duration or lasting for a long period of time.

Wellbutrin withdrawal Gastroenteritis - A condition where the membranes of the stomach and intestines are irritated.

Wellbutrin withdrawal Gastroesophageal Reflux - A continuous state where stomach juices flow back into the throat causing acid indigestion and heartburn and possibly injury to the throat.

Wellbutrin withdrawal Heartburn - A burning pain in the area of the breastbone caused by stomach juices flowing back up into the throat.

Wellbutrin withdrawal Hemorrhoids - Small rounded purplish swollen veins that either bleed, itch or are painful and appear around the anus.

Wellbutrin withdrawal Increased Stool frequency - Diarrhea.

Wellbutrin withdrawal Indigestion - Unable to properly consume and absorb food in the digestive tract causing constipation, nausea, stomach ache, gas, swollen belly, pain and general discomfort or sickness.

Wellbutrin withdrawal Nausea - Stomach irritation with a queasy sensation similar to motion sickness and a feeling that one is going to vomit.

Wellbutrin withdrawal Polyposis Gastric - Tumors that grow on stems in the lining of the stomach, which usually become cancerous.

Wellbutrin withdrawal Swallowing Difficulty - A feeling that food is stuck in the throat or upper chest area and won’t go down, making it difficult to swallow.

Wellbutrin withdrawal Toothache - Pain in a tooth above and below the gum line.

Wellbutrin withdrawal Vomiting - Involuntarily throwing up the contents of the stomach and usually getting a nauseated, sick feeling just prior to doing so.

Wellbutrin withdrawal General

Wellbutrin withdrawal Allergy - The extreme sensitivity of body tissues triggered by substances in the air, drugs, or foods causing a reaction like sneezing, itching, asthma, hay fever, skin rashes, nausea and/or vomiting.

Wellbutrin withdrawal Anaphylaxis - A violent, sudden, and severe drop in blood pressure caused by a re-exposure to a foreign protein or a second dosage of a drug that may be fatal unless emergency treatment is given right away.

Wellbutrin withdrawal Asthenia - A physically weak condition.

Wellbutrin withdrawal Chest Pains - Severe discomfort in the chest caused by not enough oxygen going to the heart because of narrowing of the blood vessels or spasms.

Wellbutrin withdrawal Chills - Appearing pale while cold and shivering; sometimes with a fever.

Wellbutrin withdrawal Edema of Extremities - Abnormal swelling of the body’s tissue caused by the collection of fluid.

Wellbutrin withdrawal Fall - To suddenly lose your normal standing upright position as if you were shot.

Wellbutrin withdrawal Fatigue - Loss of normal strength so as to not be able to do the usual physical and mental activities.

Wellbutrin withdrawal Fever - Abnormally high body temperature, the normal being 98 degrees Fahrenheit or 37 degrees Centigrade in humans, which is a symptom of disease or disorder in the body. The body is affected by feeling hot, chilled, sweaty, weak and exhausted. If the fever goes too high, death can result.

Wellbutrin withdrawal Hot Flashes - Brief, abnormal enlargement of the blood vessels that causes a sudden heat sensation over the entire body. Women in menopause will sometimes experience this.

Wellbutrin withdrawal Influenza-like Symptoms - Demonstrating irritation of the respiratory tract (organs of breathing) such as a cold, sudden fever, aches and pains, as well as feeling weak and seeking bed rest, which is similar to having the flu.

Wellbutrin withdrawal Leg Pain - A hurtful sensation in the legs that is caused by excessive stimulation of the nerve endings in the legs and results in extreme discomfort.

Wellbutrin withdrawal Malaise - The somewhat unclear feeling of discomfort you get when you start to feel sick.

Wellbutrin withdrawal Pain in Limb - Sudden, sharp and uncontrolled leg discomfort.

Wellbutrin withdrawal Syncope - A short period of light headedness or unconsciousness (black-out) also know as fainting caused by lack of oxygen to the brain because of an interruption in blood flowing to the brain.

Wellbutrin withdrawal Tightness of Chest - Mild or sharp discomfort, tightness or pressure in the chest area (anywhere between the throat and belly). The causes can be mild or seriously life-threatening because they include the heart, lungs and surrounding muscles.

Wellbutrin withdrawal Hemic and Lymphatic Disorders (Involving the blood and the clear fluids in the tissues that contain white blood cells)

Wellbutrin withdrawal Bruise - Damage to the skin resulting in a purple-green-yellow skin coloration that’s caused by breaking the blood vessels in the area without breaking the surface of the skin.

Wellbutrin withdrawal Anemia - A condition where the blood is no longer carrying enough oxygen, so the person looks pale and easily gets dizzy, weak and tired. More severely, a person can end up with an abnormal heart, as well as breathing and digestive difficulties. The causes of anemia are not enough protein in the red blood cells, or missing and chemically destroyed red blood cells, as well as diseased or destroyed bone marrow.

Wellbutrin withdrawal Nosebleed - Blood lost from the part of the face that has the organs of smell and is where the body takes in oxygen.

Wellbutrin withdrawal Hematoma - Broken blood vessels that cause a swelling in an area on the body.

Wellbutrin withdrawal Lymphadenopathy Cervical - The lymph nodes in the neck, which are part of the body’s immune system get swollen and enlarge by reacting to the presence of a drug. The swelling is the result of the white blood cells multiplying in order to fight the invasion of the drug.

Wellbutrin withdrawal Metabolic and Nutritional Disorders (Energy and health)

Wellbutrin withdrawal Arthralgia - Sudden sharp nerve pain in one or more joints.

Wellbutrin withdrawal Arthropathy - Having joint disease or abnormal joints.

Wellbutrin withdrawal Arthritis - Painfully inflamed and swollen joints. The reddened and swollen condition is brought on by a serious injury or shock to the body either from physical or emotional causes.

Wellbutrin withdrawal Back Discomfort - Severe physical distress in the area from the neck to the pelvis along the backbone.

Wellbutrin withdrawal Bilirubin Increased - Bilirubin is a waste product of the breakdown of old blood cells. Bilirubin is sent to the liver to be made water-soluble so it can be eliminated from the body through emptying the bladder. A drug can interfere with or damage this normal liver function creating liver disease.

Wellbutrin withdrawal Decreased Weight - Uncontrolled and measured loss of heaviness or weight.

Wellbutrin withdrawal Gout - A severe arthritis condition that is caused by the dumping of a waste product called uric acid in the tissues and joints. It can become worse and cause the body to develop a deformity after going through stages of pain, inflammation, severe tenderness, and stiffness.

Wellbutrin withdrawal Hepatic Enzymes Increased - An increase in the amount of paired liver proteins that regulate liver processes causing a condition where the liver functions abnormally.

Wellbutrin withdrawal Hypercholesterolemia - Too much cholesterol in the blood cells.

Wellbutrin withdrawal Hyperglycemia - An unhealthy amount of sugar in the blood.

Wellbutrin withdrawal Increased Weight - A concentration and storage of fat in the body accumulating over a period of time caused by unhealthy eating patterns, that can predispose the body to many disorders and diseases.

Wellbutrin withdrawal Jaw Pain - The pain due to irritation and swelling of the nerves associated with the mouth area where it opens and closes just in front of the ear. Some of the symptoms are pain when chewing, head aches, losing your balance, stuffy ears or ringing in the ears, and teeth grinding.

Wellbutrin withdrawal Jaw Stiffness - The result of squeezing and grinding the teeth while asleep that can cause your teeth to deteriorate as well as the muscles and joints of the jaw.

Wellbutrin withdrawal Joint Stiffness - A loss of free motion and easy flexibility where any two bones come together.

Wellbutrin withdrawal Muscle Cramp - When muscles contract uncontrollably without warning and do not relax. The muscles of any of the body’s organs can cramp.

Wellbutrin withdrawal Muscle Stiffness - Tightening of muscles making it difficult to bend.

Wellbutrin withdrawal Muscle Weakness - Loss of physical strength.

Wellbutrin withdrawal Myalgia - A general widespread pain and tenderness of the muscles.

Wellbutrin withdrawal Thirst - A strong, unnatural craving for moisture/water in the mouth and throat.

Wellbutrin withdrawal Nervous System (Sensory channels)

Wellbutrin withdrawal Carpal Tunnel Syndrome - A pinched nerve in the wrist that causes pain, tingling, and numbing.

Wellbutrin withdrawal Coordination Abnormal - A lack of normal, harmonious interaction of the parts of the body when it is in motion.

Wellbutrin withdrawal Dizziness - Losing one’s balance while feeling unsteady and lightheaded which may lead to fainting.

Wellbutrin withdrawal Disequilibrium - Lack of mental and emotional balance.

Wellbutrin withdrawal Faintness - A temporary condition where one is likely to go unconscious and fall.

Wellbutrin withdrawal Headache - A sharp or dull persistent pain in the head

Wellbutrin withdrawal Hyperreflexia - A not normal and involuntary increased response in the tissues connecting the bones to the muscles.

Wellbutrin withdrawal Light-headed Feeling – Uncontrolled and usually brief loss of consciousness caused by lack of oxygen to the brain.

Wellbutrin withdrawal Migraine - Reoccurring severe head pain usually with nausea, vomiting, dizziness, flashes or spots before the eyes, and ringing in the ears

Wellbutrin withdrawal Muscle Contractions Involuntary - Spontaneous and uncontrollable tightening reaction of the muscles caused by electrical impulses from the nervous system.

Wellbutrin withdrawal Muscular Tone Increased - Uncontrolled and exaggeration muscle tension. Muscles are normally partially tensed and this is what gives us muscle tone.

Wellbutrin withdrawal Paresthesia - Burning, prickly, itchy, or tingling skin with no obvious or understood physical cause.

Wellbutrin withdrawal Restless Legs - A need to move the legs without any apparent reason. Sometimes there is pain, twitching, jerking, cramping, burning, or a creepy-crawly sensation associated with the movements. It worsens when a person is inactive and can interrupt one’s sleep so one feels the need to move to gain some relief.

Wellbutrin withdrawal Shaking - Uncontrolled quivering and trembling as if one is cold and chilled.

Wellbutrin withdrawal Sluggishness - Lack of alertness and energy, as well as being slow to respond or perform in life.

Wellbutrin withdrawal Tics - A contraction of a muscle causing a repeated movement not under the control of the person usually on the face or limbs.

Wellbutrin withdrawal Tremor - A nervous and involuntary vibrating or quivering of the body.

Wellbutrin withdrawal Twitching - Sharp, jerky and spastic motion sometimes with a sharp sudden pain.

Wellbutrin withdrawal Vertigo - A sensation of dizziness with disorientation and confusion.

Wellbutrin withdrawal Psychiatric Disorders (Mental and emotional)

Wellbutrin withdrawal Aggravated Nervousness - A progressively worsening, irritated and troubled state of mind.

Wellbutrin withdrawal Agitation - Suddenly violent and forceful, emotionally disturbed state of mind.

Wellbutrin withdrawal Amnesia - Long term or short term, partial or full memory loss created by emotional or physical shock, severe illness, or a blow to the head where the person was caused pain and became unconsciousness.

Wellbutrin withdrawal Anxiety Attack - Sudden and intense feelings of fear, terror, and dread physically creating shortness of breath, sweating, trembling and heart palpitations.

Wellbutrin withdrawal Apathy - Complete lack of concern or interest for things that ordinarily would be regarded as important or would normally cause concern.

Wellbutrin withdrawal Appetite Decreased - Having a lack of appetite despite the ordinary caloric demands of living with a resulting unintentional loss of weight.

Wellbutrin withdrawal Appetite Increased - An unusual hunger causing one to overeat.

Wellbutrin withdrawal Auditory Hallucination - Hearing things without the voices or noises being present.

Wellbutrin withdrawal Bruxism - Grinding and clenching of teeth while sleeping.

Wellbutrin withdrawal Carbohydrate Craving - A drive and craving to eat foods rich in sugar and starches (sweets, snacks and junk foods) that intensifies as the diet becomes more and more unbalanced due to the unbalancing of the proper nutritional requirements of the body.

Wellbutrin withdrawal Concentration Impaired - Unable to easily focus your attention for long periods of time.

Wellbutrin withdrawal Confusion - Not able to think clearly and understand in order to make a logical decision.

Wellbutrin withdrawal Crying Abnormal - Unusual and not normal fits of weeping for short or long periods of time for no apparent reason.

Wellbutrin withdrawal Depersonalization - A condition where one has lost a normal sense of personal identity.

Wellbutrin withdrawal Depression - A hopeless feeling of failure, loss and sadness that can deteriorate into thoughts of death.

Wellbutrin withdrawal Disorientation - A loss of sense of direction, place, time or surroundings as well as mental confusion on personal identity.

Wellbutrin withdrawal Dreaming Abnormal - Dreaming that leaves a very clear, detailed picture and impression when awake that can last for a long period of time and sometimes be unpleasant.

Wellbutrin withdrawal Emotional Lability - Suddenly breaking out in laughter or crying or doing both without being able to control the outburst of emotion. These episodes are unstable as they are caused by things that normally would not have this effect on an individual.

Wellbutrin withdrawal Excitability - Uncontrollably responding to stimuli.

Wellbutrin withdrawal Feeling Unreal - The awareness that one has an undesirable emotion like fear but can’t seem to shake off the irrational feeling. For example, feeling like one is going crazy but rationally knowing that it is not true. The quality of this side effect resembles being in a bad dream and not being able to wake up.

Wellbutrin withdrawal Forgetfulness - Unable to remember what one ordinarily would remember.

Wellbutrin withdrawal Insomnia - Sleeplessness caused by physical stress, mental stress or stimulants such as coffee or medications; it is a condition of being abnormally awake when one would ordinarily be able to fall and remain asleep.

Wellbutrin withdrawal Irritability - Abnormally annoyed in response to a stimulus.

Wellbutrin withdrawal Jitteriness - Nervous fidgeting without an apparent cause.

Wellbutrin withdrawal Lethargy - Mental and physical sluggishness and apathy that can deteriorate into an unconscious state resembling deep sleep. A numbed state of mind.

Wellbutrin withdrawal Libido Decreased - An abnormal loss of sexual energy or desire.

Wellbutrin withdrawal Panic Reaction - A sudden, overpowering, chaotic and confused mental state of terror resulting in being doubt ridden often accompanied with hyperventilation, and extreme anxiety.

Wellbutrin withdrawal Restlessness Aggravated - A constantly worsening troubled state of mind characterized by the person being increasingly nervous, unable to relax, and easily angered.

Wellbutrin withdrawal Somnolence - Feeling sleepy all the time or having a condition of semi-consciousness.

Wellbutrin withdrawal Suicide Attempt - An unsuccessful deliberate attack on one’s own life with the intention of ending it.

Wellbutrin withdrawal Suicidal Tendency - Most likely will attempt to kill oneself.

Wellbutrin withdrawal Tremulousness Nervous - Very jumpy, shaky, and uneasy while feeling fearful and timid. The condition is characterized by thoughts of dreading the future, involuntary quivering, trembling, and feeling distressed and suddenly upset.

Wellbutrin withdrawal Yawning - involuntary opening of the mouth with deep inhalation of air.

Wellbutrin withdrawal Reproductive Disorder Female

Wellbutrin withdrawal Breast Neoplasm - A tumor or cancer, of either of the two milk-secreting organs on the chest of a woman.

Wellbutrin withdrawal Menorrhagia - Abnormally heavy menstrual period or a menstrual flow that has continued for an unusually long period of time.

Wellbutrin withdrawal Menstrual Cramps - Painful, involuntary uterus contractions that women experience around the time of their menstrual period, sometimes causing pain in the lower back and thighs.

Wellbutrin withdrawal Menstrual Disorder - A disturbance or derangement in the normal function of a woman’s menstrual period.

Wellbutrin withdrawal Pelvic Inflammation - The reaction of the body to infectious, allergic, or chemical irritation, which in turn causes tissue irritation, injury, or bacterial infection characterized by pain, redness, swelling, and sometimes loss of function. The reaction usually begins in the uterus and spreads to the fallopian tubes, ovaries, and other areas in the hipbone region of the body.

Wellbutrin withdrawal Premenstrual Syndrome - Various physical and mental symptoms commonly experienced by women of childbearing age usually 2 to 7 days before the start of their monthly period. There are over 150 symptoms including eating binges, behavioral changes, moodiness, irritability, fatigue, fluid retention, breast tenderness, headaches, bloating, anxiety, and depression. The symptoms cease shortly after the period begins, and disappear with menopause.

Wellbutrin withdrawal Spotting Between Menses - Abnormal bleeding between periods. Unusual spotting between menstrual cycles.

Wellbutrin withdrawal RESPIRATORY SYSTEM (Organs involved in breathing)

Wellbutrin withdrawal Asthma - A disease of the breathing system initiated by and allergic reaction or a chemical with repeated attacks of coughing, sticky mucus, wheezing, shortness of breath, and a tight feeling in the chest. The disease can reach a state where it stops a person from exhaling, leading to unconsciousness and death.

Wellbutrin withdrawal Breath Shortness - Unnatural breathing using a lot off effort resulting in not enough air taken in by the body.

Wellbutrin withdrawal Bronchitis - Inflammation of the two main breathing tubes leading from the windpipe to the lungs. The disease is marked with coughing, a low-grade fever, chest pains, and hoarseness, caused by an allergic reaction.

Wellbutrin withdrawal Coughing - A cough is the response to an irritation, such as mucus, that causes the muscles controlling the breathing process to expel air from the lungs suddenly and noisily to keep the air passages free from the irritating material.

Wellbutrin withdrawal Laryngitis - Inflammation of the voice box characterized by hoarseness, sore throat, and coughing. It can be cause by straining the voice or exposure to infectious, allergic or chemical irritation.

Wellbutrin withdrawal Nasal Congestion - The presence of an abnormal amount of fluid in the nose.

Wellbutrin withdrawal Pneumonia Tracheitis - Bacterial infection of the air passageways and lungs that causes redness, swelling and pain in the windpipe. Other symptoms are high fever, chills, pain in the chest, difficulty in breathing, and coughing with mucus discharge.

Wellbutrin withdrawal Rhinitis - Chemical irritation causing pain, redness and swelling in the mucus membranes of the nose.

Wellbutrin withdrawal Sinus Congestion - The mucus-lined areas of the bones in the face that are thought to help warm and moisten air to the nose. These areas become clogged with excess fluid or infected.

Wellbutrin withdrawal Sinus Headache - The abnormal amount of fluid in the hollows of the face bone area especially around the nose. This excess fluid creates pressure, causing pain in the head.

Wellbutrin withdrawal Sinusitis - The body reacting to chemical irritation causing redness, swelling and pain in the area of the hollows in the facial bones especially around the nose.

Wellbutrin withdrawal SKELETAL

Wellbutrin withdrawal Neck/Shoulder Pain - Hurtful sensations of the nerve endings caused by damage to the tissues in the neck and shoulder signaling danger of disease.

Wellbutrin withdrawal SKIN and APPENDAGES DISORDERS (Skin, legs and arms)

Wellbutrin withdrawal Acne - Eruptions of the oils glands of the skin, especially on the face, marked by pimples, blackheads, whiteheads, bumps, and more severely, by cysts and scarring.

Wellbutrin withdrawal Alopecia - The loss of hair or baldness.

Wellbutrin withdrawal Eczema - A severe or continuing skin disease marked by redness, crusting and scaling with watery blisters and itching. It is often difficult to treat and will sometimes go away only to reappear again.

Wellbutrin withdrawal Dermatitis - Generally irritated skin that can be caused by any of a number of irritating things such as parasites, fungus, bacteria, or foreign substances causing an allergic reaction. It is a general inflammation of the skin.

Wellbutrin withdrawal Dry Lips - The lack of normal moisture in the fleshy folds that surround the mouth.

Wellbutrin withdrawal Dry Skin - The lack of normal moisture/oils in the surface layer of the body. The skin is the body’s largest organ.

Wellbutrin withdrawal Folliculitis - Inflammation of a follicle (small body sac) especially a hair follicle. A hair follicle contains the root of a hair.

Wellbutrin withdrawal Furunculosis - Skin boils that show up repeatedly.

Wellbutrin withdrawal Lipoma - A tumor of mostly fat cells that is not health endangering.

Wellbutrin withdrawal Pruritus - Extreme itching of often-undamaged skin.

Wellbutrin withdrawal Rash - A skin eruption or discoloration that may or may not be itching, tingling, burning, or painful. It may be caused by an allergy, an skin irritation, a skin disease.

Wellbutrin withdrawal Skin Nodule - A bulge, knob, swelling or outgrowth in the skin that is a mass of tissue or cells.

Wellbutrin withdrawal SPECIAL SENSES

Wellbutrin withdrawal Conjunctivitis - Infection of the membrane that covers the eyeball and lines the eyelid, caused by a virus, allergic reaction, or an irritating chemical. It is characterized by redness, a discharge of fluid and itching.

Wellbutrin withdrawal Dry Eyes - Not enough moisture in the eyes.

Wellbutrin withdrawal Earache - Pain in the ear.

Wellbutrin withdrawal Eye Infection - The invasion of the eye tissue by a bacteria, virus, fungus, etc, causing damage to the tissue, with toxicity. Infection spreading in the body progresses into disease.

Wellbutrin withdrawal Eye Irritation - An inflammation of the eye.

Wellbutrin withdrawal Metallic Taste - A range of taste impairment from distorted taste to a complete loss of taste.

Wellbutrin withdrawal Pupils Dilated - Abnormal expansion of the blace circular opening in the center of the eye.

Wellbutrin withdrawal Taste alteration - Abnormal flavor detection in food.

Wellbutrin withdrawal Tinnitus - A buzzing, ringing, or whistling sound in one or both ears occurring from the internal use of certain drugs.

Wellbutrin withdrawal Vision Abnormal - Normal images are seen differently by the viewer.

Wellbutrin withdrawal Vision Blurred - Eyesight is dim or indistinct and hazy in outline or appearance.

Wellbutrin withdrawal Visual Disturbance - Eyesight is interfered with or interrupted. Some disturbances are light sensitivity and the inability to easily distinguish colors.

Wellbutrin withdrawal URINARY SYSTEM DISORDER

Wellbutrin withdrawal Blood in Urine - Blood is present when one empties liquid waste product of the kidneys through the bladder by urinating in the toilet turning the water pink to bright red. Or you could see pots of blood in the water after urinating.

Wellbutrin withdrawal Dysuria - Difficult or painful urination.

Wellbutrin withdrawal Kidney Stone - Small hard masses of salt deposits that the kidney forms.

Wellbutrin withdrawal Urinary Frequency - Having to urinate more often than usual or between unusually short time periods.

Wellbutrin withdrawal Urinary Tract Infection - An invasion of bacteria, viruses, fungi, etc., of the system in the body that starts with the kidneys and eliminates urine from the body. If the invasion goes unchecked it can injure tissue and progress into disease.

Wellbutrin withdrawal Urinary Urgency - A sudden compelling urge to urinate, accompanied by discomfort in the bladder.

Wellbutrin withdrawal UROGENITAL (Urinary tract and genital structures or functions)

Wellbutrin withdrawal Anorgasmia - Failure to experience an orgasm.

Wellbutrin withdrawal Ejaculation Disorder - Dysfunction of the discharge of semen during orgasm.

Wellbutrin withdrawal Menstrual Disorder - Dysfunction of the discharge during the monthly menstrual cycle.

Wellbutrin withdrawal Acute Renal Failure - The kidneys stop functioning properly to excrete wastes.

Wellbutrin withdrawal Angioedema - Intensely itching and swelling welts on the skin called hives caused by an allergic reaction to internal or external agents. The reaction is common to a food or a drug. Chronic cases can last for a long period of time.

Wellbutrin withdrawal Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis - An abnormal condition where a large portion of skin becomes intensely red and peels off like a second-degree burn. Often the symptoms include blistering.

Wellbutrin withdrawal Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage - Stomach and intestinal excessive internal bleeding.

Wellbutrin withdrawal Grand Mal Seizures (or Convulsions) - A recurring sudden violent and involuntary attack of muscle spasms with a loss of consciousness.

Wellbutrin withdrawal Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome - A life threatening, rare reaction to an anti-psychotic drug marked by fever, muscular rigidity, changed mental status, and dysfunction of the autonomic nervous system.

Wellbutrin withdrawal Pancreatitis - Chemical irritation with redness, swelling, and pain in the pancreas where digestive enzymes and hormones are secreted.

Wellbutrin withdrawal QT Prolongation - A very fast heart rhythm disturbance that is too fast for the heart to beat effectively so the blood to the brain falls causing a sudden loss of consciousness and may cause sudden cardiac death.

Wellbutrin withdrawal Rhabdomyolysis - The breakdown of muscle fibers that releases the fibers into the circulatory system. Some of the fibers are poisonous to the kidney and frequently result in kidney damage.

Wellbutrin withdrawal Serotonin Syndrome - A disorder brought on by excessive levels of serotonin caused by drugs and can be fatal as death from this side effect can come very rapidly.

Wellbutrin withdrawal Thrombocytopenia - An abnormal decrease in the number of blood platelets in the circulatory system. A decrease in platelets would cause a decrease in the ability of the blood to clot when necessary.

Wellbutrin withdrawal Torsades de Pointes - Unusual rapid heart rhythm starting in the lower heart chambers. If the short bursts of rapid heart rhythm continue for a prolonged period it can degenerate into a more rapid rhythm and can be fatal.

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Description

Antidepressant

Bupropion hydrochloride, an antidepressant of the aminoketone class, is chemically unrelated to tricyclic, tetracyclic, or other known antidepressant agents. Its structure closely resembles that of diethylpropion; it is related to phenylethylamines. It is designated as (±)-1-(3-chlorophenyl)-2-[(1,1-dimethylethyl)amino]-1-propanone hydrochloride. The molecular weight is 276.2. The emperical formula is C₁₃H₁₈CINO*HCl. Bupropion powder is white, crystalline, and highly soluble in water. It has a bitter taste and produces the sensation of local anesthesia on the oral mucosa.

Bupropion is supplied for oral administration as 75 mg (yellow-gold) and 100 mg (red) film-coated tablets. Each tablet contains the labeled amount of bupropion hydrochloride and the inactive ingredients: 75 mg tablet - D&C Yellow No. 10 Lake, FD&C Yellow No. 6 Lake, hydroxypropyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl methylcelluose, microcrystalline cellulose, polyethylene glycol, talc, and titanium dioxide; 100 mg tablet - FD&C Red No. 40 Lake, FD&C Yellow No. 6 Lake, hydroxypropyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, microcrystalline cellulose, polyethylene glycol, talc, and titanium dioxide.

Clinical Pharmacology

Pharmacodynamics and Pharmacological Actions:
The neurochemical mechanism of the antidepressant effect of bupropion is not known. Bupropion does not inhibit monoamine oxidase. Compared to classical tricyclic antidepressants, it is a weak blocker of the neuronal uptake of serotonin and norepinephrine; it also inhibits the neuronal re-uptake of dopamine to some extent.

Bupropion produces dose-related CNS stimulant effects in animals, as evidenced by increased locomotor activity, increased rates of responding in various schedule-controlled operant behavior tasks, and, at high doses, induction of mild stereotyped behavior.

Bupropion causes convulsions in rodents and dogs at doses approximately tenfold the dose recommended as the human antidepressant dose.

Absorption, Distribution, Pharmacokinetics, Metabolism, and Elimination:

Oral bioavailability and single-dose pharmacokinetics:
In humans, following oral administration of bupropion, peak plasma bupropion concentrations are usually achieved within 2 hours, followed by a biphasic decline. The average half-life of the second (post-distributional) phase is approximately 14 hours, with a range of 8 to 24 hours. Six hours after a single dose, plasma bupropion concentrations are approximately 30% of peak concentrations. Plasma bupropion concentrations are dose-proportional following single doses of 100 to 250 mg; however, it is not known if the proportionality between dose and plasma level is maintained in chronic use.

The absolute bioavailability of bupropion tablets in humans has not been determined because an intravenous formulation for human use is not available.

However, it appears likely that only a small proportion of any orally administered dose reaches the systemic circulation intact. For example, the absolute bioavailability of bupropion in animals (rats and dogs) ranges from 5% to 20%.

Metabolism:
Following oral administration of 200 mg of ¹⁴C-bupropion, 87% and 10% of the radioactive dose were recovered in the urine and feces, respectively. However, the fraction of the oral dose of bupropion excreted unchanged was only 0.5%, a finding documenting the extensive metabolism of bupropion.

Several of the known metabolites of bupropion are pharmacologically active, but their potency and toxicity relative to bupropion have not been fully characterized. However, because of their longer elimination half-lives, the plasma concentrations of at least two of the known metabolites can be expected, especially in chronic use, to be very much higher than the plasma concentration of bupropion. This is of potential clinical importance because factors or conditions altering metabolic capacity (e.g., liver disease, congestive heart failure, age, concomitant medications, etc.) or elimination may be expected to influence the degree and extend of accumulation of these active metabolites.

Furthermore, bupropion has been shown to induce its own metabolism in three animal species (mice, rats, and dogs) following subchronic administration. If induction also occurs in humans, the relative contribution of bupropion and its metabolites to the clinical effects of bupropion may be changed in chronic use.

Plasma and urinary metabolites so far identified include biotransformation products formed via reduction of the carbonyl group and/or hydroxylation of the tert-butyl group of bupropion. Four basic metabolites have been identified.

They are the erythro- and threo-amino alcohols of bupropion, the erythro-amino diol of bupropion, and a morpholinol, metabolite (formed from hydroxylation of the tert-butyl group of bupropion).

The morpholinol metabolite appears in the systemic circulation almost as rapidly as the parent drug following a single oral dose. Its peak level is three times the peak level of the parent drug; it has a half life on the order of 24 hours; and its AUC 0 to 60 hours is about 15 times that of bupropion.

The threo-amino alcohol metabolite has a plasma concentration time profile similar to that of the morpholinol metabolite. The erythro-amino alcohol and the erythro-amino diol metabolites generally cannot be detected in the systemic circulation following a single oral dose of the parent drug. The morpholinol and the threo-amino alcohol metabolites have been found to be half as potent as bupropion in animal screening tests for antidepressant drugs.

During a chronic dosing study in 14 depressed patients with left ventricular dysfunction, it was found that there was substantial interpatient variability (two- to five-fold) in the trough steady-state concentrations of bupropion and the morpholinol and threo-amino alcohol metabolites. In addition, the steady-state plasma concentrations of these metabolites were 10 to 100 times the steady-state concentrations of the parent drug.

The effect of other disease states and altered organ function on the metabolism and/or elimination of bupropion has not been studied in detail. However, the elimination of the major metabolites of bupropion may be affected by reduced renal or hepatic function because they are moderately polar compounds and are likely to undergo conjugation in the liver prior to urinary excretion. The preliminary results of a comparative single-dose pharmacokinetic study in normal versus cirrhotic patients indicated that half-lives of the metabolites were prolonged by cirrhosis and that the metabolites accumulated to levels two to three times those in normals.

The effect of age on plasma concentrations of bupropion and its metabolites has not been characterized.

In vitro tests show that bupropion is 80% or more bound to human albumin at plasma concentrations up to 800 micromolar (200 mcg/mL).

Indications And Usage Back to top of page

Bupropion is indicated for the treatment of depression. A physician considering bupropion for the management of a patient's first episodes of depression should be aware that the drug may cause generalized seizures with an approximate incidence of 0.4% (4/1000). This incidence of seizures may exceed that of other marketed antidepressants by as much as fourfold. This relative risk is only an approximate estimate because no direct comparative studies have been conducted.

The efficacy of bupropion has been established in three placebo-controlled trials, including two of approximately 3 weeks duration in depressed inpatients, and one of approximately 6 weeks duration in depressed outpatients. The depressive disorder of the patients studied corresponds most closely to the Major Depression category of the APA Diagnostic and Statistical Manual III.

Major Depression implies a prominent and relatively persistent depressed or dysphoric mood that usually interferes with daily functioning (nearly every day for at least 2 weeks); it should include at least four of the following eight symptoms: change in appetite, change in sleep, psychomotor agitation or retardation, loss of interest in usual activities or decrease in sexual drive, increased fatigability, feelings of guilt or worthlessness, slowed thinking or impaired concentration, and suicidal ideation or attempts.

Effectiveness of bupropion in long-term use, that is, for more than 6 weeks, has not been systematically evaluated in controlled trials. Therefore, the physician who elects to use bupropion for extended periods should periodically re-evaluate the long-term usefulness of the drug for the individual patient.

Contraindications Back to top of page

Bupropion is contraindicated in patients with a seizure disorder. Bupropion is also contraindicated in patients with a current or prior diagnosis of bulimia or anorexia nervosa because of a higher incidence of seizures noted in such patients treated with bupropion. The concurrent administration of bupropion and a monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitor is contraindicated. At least 14 days should elapse between discontinuation of an MAO inhibitor and initiation of treatment with bupropion. Bupropion is contraindicated in patients who have shown an allergic response to it.

Warnings Back to top of page

Seizures:
Bupropion is associated with seizures in approximately 0.4% (4/1000) of patients treated at doses up to 450 mg/day. This incidence of seizures may exceed that of other marketed antidepressants by as much as fourfold. This relative risk is only an approximate estimate because no direct comparative studies have been conducted. The estimate seizure incidence for bupropion increases almost tenfold between 450 and 600 mg/day, which is twice the usually required daily dose (300 mg) and one and one-third the maximum recommended daily dose (450 mg). Given the wide variability among individuals and their capacity to metabolize and eliminate drugs, this disproportionate increase in seizure incidence with dose incrementation calls for caution in dosing.

During the initial development, 25 among approximately 2400 patients treated with bupropion experienced seizures. At the time of seizure, seven patients were receiving daily doses of 450 mg or below for an incidence of 0.33% (3/1000) within the recommended dose range. Twelve patients experienced seizures at 600 mg per day (2.3% incidence); six additional patients has seizures at daily doses between 600 and 900 mg (2.8% incidence).

A separate, prospective study was conducted to determine the incidence of seizure during an 8-week treatment exposure in approximately 3200 additional patients who received daily doses of up to 450 mg. Patients were permitted to continue treatment beyond 8 weeks if clinically indicated. Eight seizures occurred during the initial 8-week treatment period and five seizures were reported in patients continuing treatment beyond 8 weeks, resulting in a total seizure incidence of 0.4%.

The risk of seizure appears to be strongly associated with dose and the presence of predisposing factors. A significant seizure, CNS tumor, concomitant medications that lower seizure threshold, etc.) was present in approximately one-half of the patients experiencing a seizure. Sudden and large increments in dose may contribute to increased risk. While many seizures occurred early in the course of treatment, some seizures did occur after several weeks at fixed dose.

Recommendations for reducing the risk of seizure:
Retrospective analysis of clinical experience gained during the development of bupropion suggests that the risk of seizure may be minimized if (1) the total daily dose of bupropion does not exceed 450 mg, (2) the daily dose is administered t.i.d., with each single dose not to exceed 150 mg to avoid high peak concentrations of bupropion and/or its metabolites, and (3) the rate of incrementation of dose is very gradual. Extreme caution should be used when bupropion is (1) administered to patients with a history of seizure, cranial trauma, or other predisposition(s) toward seizure, or (2) prescribed with other agents (e.g., antipsychotics, other antidepressants, etc.) or treatment regimens (e.g., abrupt discontinuation of a benzodiazepine) that lower seizure threshold.

Potential for Hepatotoxicity:
In rats receiving large doses of bupropion chronically, there was an increase in incidence of hepatic hyperplastic nodules and hepatocellular hypertrophy. In dogs receiving large doses of bupropion chronically, various histologic changes were seen in the liver, and laboratory tests suggesting mild hepatocellular injury were noted. Although scattered abnormalities in liver function tests were detected in patients participating in clinical trials, there is no clinical evidence that bupropion acts as a hepatotoxin in humans.

Precautions Back to top of page

General:

Agitation and Insomnia: A substantial proportion of patients treated with bupropion experience some degree of increased restlessness, agitation, anxiety, and insomnia, especially shortly after initiation of treatment. In clinical studies, these symptoms were sometimes of sufficient magnitude to require treatment with sedative/hypnotic drugs. In approximately 2% of patients, symptoms were sufficiently severe to require discontinuation of treatment with bupropion.

Psychosis, Confusion, and Other Neuropsychiatric Phenomena: Patients treated with bupropion have been reported to show a variety of neuropsychiatric signs and symptoms including delusions, hallucinations, psychotic episodes, confusion, and paranoia. Because of the uncontrolled nature of many studies, it is impossible to provide a precise estimate of the extent of risk imposed by treatment with bupropion. In several cases, neuropsychitric phenomena abated upon dose reduction and/or withdrawal of treatment.

Activation of Psychosis and/or Mania: Antidepressants can precipitate manic episodes in Bipolar Manic Depressive patients during the depressed phase of their illness and may activate latent psychosis in other susceptible patients. Bupropion is expected to pose similar risks.

Altered Appetite and Weight: A weight loss of greater than 5 pounds occurred in 28% of patients receiving bupropion. This incidence is approximately double that seen in comparable patients treated with tricyclics or placebo. Furthermore, while 34.5% of patients receiving tricyclic antidepressants gained weight, only 9.4% of patients treated with bupropion did. Consequently, if weight loss is a major presenting sign of a patient's depressive illness, the anorectic and/or weight reducing potential of bupropion should be considered.

Suicide: The possibility of a suicide attempt is inherent in depression and may persist until significant remission occurs. Accordingly, prescriptions for bupropion should be written for the smallest number of tablets consistent with good patient management.

Use in Patients with Systemic Illness:
There is no clinical experience establishing the safety of bupropion in patients with a recent history of myocardial infarction or unstable heart disease. Therefore, care should be exercised if it is used in these groups. Bupropion was well tolerated in patients who has previously developed orthostatic hypotension while receiving tricyclic antidepressants.

Because bupropion HCl and its metabolites are almost completely excreted through the kidney and metabolites are likely to undergo conjugation in the liver prior to urinary excretion, treatment of patients with renal or hepatic, impairment should be initiated at reduced dosage as bupropion and its metabolites may accumulate in such patients beyond concentrations expected in patients without renal or hepatic impairment. The patient should be closely monitored for possible toxic effects of elevated blood and tissue levels of drug and metabolites.

Information for Patients:
Physicians are advised to discuss the following issues with patients:

Patients should be instructed to take bupropion in equally divided doses three or four times a day to minimize the risk of seizure.

Patients should be told that any CNS-active drug like bupropion may impair their ability to perform tasks requiring judgment or motor and cognitive skills. Consequently, until they are reasonably certain that bupropion does not adversely affect their performance, they should refrain from driving an automobile or operating complex, hazardous machinery.

Patients should be told that the use and cessation of use of alcohol may alter the seizure threshold, and, therefore, that the consumption of alcohol should be minimized, and, if possible, avoided completely.

Patients should be advised to inform their physician if they are taking or plan to take any prescription or over-the-counter drugs. Concern is warranted because bupropion and other drugs may affect each others metabolism.

Patients should be advised to notify their physician if they become pregnant or intend to become pregnant during therapy.

Drug Interactions:
No systematic data have been collected on the consequences of the concomitant administration of bupropion and other drugs.

However, animal data suggest that bupropion may be an inducer of drug metabolizing enzymes. This may be of potential clinical importance because the blood levels of co-administered drugs may be altered.

Alternatively, because bupropion is extensively metabolized, the co-administration of other drugs may affect its clinical activity. In particular, care should be exercised when administering drugs known to affect hepatic drug-metabolizing enzyme systems (e.g., carbamazepine, cimetidine, phenobarbital, phenytoin).

Studies in animals demonstrate that the acute toxicity of buproprion is enhanced by the MAO inhibitor phenelzine (see CONTRAINDICATIONS).

Limited clinical data suggest a higher incidence of adverse experiences in patients receiving concurrent administration of bupropion and L-dopa. Administration of bupropion to patients receiving L-dopa concurrently should be undertaken with caution, using small initial doses and small gradual dose increases.

Concurrent administration of bupropion and agents which lower seizure threshold should be undertaken only with extreme caution (see WARNINGS). Low initial dosing and small gradual dose increases should be employed.

Carcinogenesis, Mutagenesis, Impairment of Fertility:
Lifetime carcinogenicity studies were performed in rats and mice at doses up to 300 and 150 mg/kg/day, respectively. In the rat study there was an increase in nodular proliferative lesions of the liver at doses of 100 to 300 mg/kg/day; lower doses were not tested. The question of whether or not such lesions may be precursors of neoplasms of the liver is currently unresolved. Similar liver lesions were not seen in the mouse study, and no increase in malignant tumors of the liver and other organs was seen in either study.

Bupropion produced a borderline positive response (2 to 3 times control mutation rate) in some strains in the Ames bacterial mutagenicity test, and a high oral dose (300, but not 100 or 200 mg/kg) produced a low incidence of chromosomal aberrations in rats. The relevance of these results in estimating the risk of human exposure to therapeutic doses is unknown.

A fertility study was performed in rats; no evidence of impairment of fertility was encountered at oral doses up to 300 mg/kg/day.

Pregnancy: Teratogenic Effects:
Pregnancy Category B: Reproduction studies have been performed in rabbits and rats at doses up to 15 to 45 times the human daily dose and have revealed no definitive evidence of impaired fertility or harm to the fetus due to bupropion. (In rabbits, a slightly increased incidence of fetal abnormalities was seen in two studies, but there was no increase in any specific abnormality.) There are no adequate and well-controlled studies in pregnant women. Because animal reproduction studies are not always predictive of human response, this drug should be used during pregnancy only if clearly needed.

Labor and Delivery:
The effect of bupropion on labor and delivery in humans is unknown.

Nursing Mothers:
Because of the potential for serious adverse reactions in nursing infants from bupropion, a decision should be made whether to discontinue nursing or to discontinue the drug, taking into account the importance of the drug to the mother.

Pediatric Use:
The safety and effectiveness of bupropion in individuals under 18 years old have not been established.

Use in the Elderly:
Bupropion has not been systematically evaluated in older patients.

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Wellbutrin Withdrawal Wellbutrin Side Effects

Wellbutrin withdrawal Body

Wellbutrin withdrawal Dry Mouth - The usual amount to moisture in the mouth is noticeably less.

Wellbutrin withdrawal Sweating Increased - A large quantity of perspiration that is medically caused.

Wellbutrin withdrawal Cardiovascular (Involving the heart and the blood vessels)

Wellbutrin withdrawal Palpitation - Unusual and not normal heartbeat, that is sometimes irregular, but rapid and forceful thumping or fluttering. It can be brought on by shock, excitement, exertion, or medical stimulants. A person is normally unaware of his/her heartbeat.

Wellbutrin withdrawal Bradycardia - The heart rate is slowed from 72 beats per minute, which is normal, to below 60 beats per minute in an adult.

Wellbutrin withdrawal Gastrointestinal (Involving the stomach and the intestines)

Wellbutrin withdrawal General

Wellbutrin withdrawal Allergy - The extreme sensitivity of body tissues triggered by substances in the air, drugs, or foods causing a reaction like sneezing, itching, asthma, hay fever, skin rashes, nausea and/or vomiting.

Wellbutrin withdrawal Anaphylaxis - A violent, sudden, and severe drop in blood pressure caused by a re-exposure to a foreign protein or a second dosage of a drug that may be fatal unless emergency treatment is given right away.

Wellbutrin withdrawal Asthenia - A physically weak condition.

Wellbutrin withdrawal Chest Pains - Severe discomfort in the chest caused by not enough oxygen going to the heart because of narrowing of the blood vessels or spasms.

Wellbutrin withdrawal Chills - Appearing pale while cold and shivering; sometimes with a fever.

Wellbutrin withdrawal Edema of Extremities - Abnormal swelling of the body’s tissue caused by the collection of fluid.

Wellbutrin withdrawal Fall - To suddenly lose your normal standing upright position as if you were shot.

Wellbutrin withdrawal Fatigue - Loss of normal strength so as to not be able to do the usual physical and mental activities.

Wellbutrin withdrawal Hot Flashes - Brief, abnormal enlargement of the blood vessels that causes a sudden heat sensation over the entire body. Women in menopause will sometimes experience this.

Wellbutrin withdrawal Influenza-like Symptoms - Demonstrating irritation of the respiratory tract (organs of breathing) such as a cold, sudden fever, aches and pains, as well as feeling weak and seeking bed rest, which is similar to having the flu.

Wellbutrin withdrawal Leg Pain - A hurtful sensation in the legs that is caused by excessive stimulation of the nerve endings in the legs and results in extreme discomfort.

Wellbutrin withdrawal Malaise - The somewhat unclear feeling of discomfort you get when you start to feel sick.

Wellbutrin withdrawal Pain in Limb - Sudden, sharp and uncontrolled leg discomfort.

Wellbutrin withdrawal Syncope - A short period of light headedness or unconsciousness (black-out) also know as fainting caused by lack of oxygen to the brain because of an interruption in blood flowing to the brain.

Wellbutrin withdrawal Tightness of Chest - Mild or sharp discomfort, tightness or pressure in the chest area (anywhere between the throat and belly). The causes can be mild or seriously life-threatening because they include the heart, lungs and surrounding muscles.

Wellbutrin withdrawal Hemic and Lymphatic Disorders (Involving the blood and the clear fluids in the tissues that contain white blood cells)

Wellbutrin withdrawal Bruise - Damage to the skin resulting in a purple-green-yellow skin coloration that’s caused by breaking the blood vessels in the area without breaking the surface of the skin.

Wellbutrin withdrawal Nosebleed - Blood lost from the part of the face that has the organs of smell and is where the body takes in oxygen.

Wellbutrin withdrawal Hematoma - Broken blood vessels that cause a swelling in an area on the body.

Wellbutrin withdrawal Lymphadenopathy Cervical - The lymph nodes in the neck, which are part of the body’s immune system get swollen and enlarge by reacting to the presence of a drug. The swelling is the result of the white blood cells multiplying in order to fight the invasion of the drug.

Wellbutrin withdrawal Metabolic and Nutritional Disorders (Energy and health)

Wellbutrin withdrawal Arthralgia - Sudden sharp nerve pain in one or more joints.

Wellbutrin withdrawal Arthropathy - Having joint disease or abnormal joints.

Wellbutrin withdrawal Arthritis - Painfully inflamed and swollen joints. The reddened and swollen condition is brought on by a serious injury or shock to the body either from physical or emotional causes.

Wellbutrin withdrawal Thirst - A strong, unnatural craving for moisture/water in the mouth and throat.

Wellbutrin withdrawal Nervous System (Sensory channels)

Wellbutrin withdrawal Psychiatric Disorders (Mental and emotional)

Wellbutrin withdrawal Reproductive Disorder Female

Wellbutrin withdrawal Breast Neoplasm - A tumor or cancer, of either of the two milk-secreting organs on the chest of a woman.

Wellbutrin withdrawal Menorrhagia - Abnormally heavy menstrual period or a menstrual flow that has continued for an unusually long period of time.

Wellbutrin withdrawal Menstrual Cramps - Painful, involuntary uterus contractions that women experience around the time of their menstrual period, sometimes causing pain in the lower back and thighs.

Wellbutrin withdrawal Menstrual Disorder - A disturbance or derangement in the normal function of a woman’s menstrual period.

Wellbutrin withdrawal Spotting Between Menses - Abnormal bleeding between periods. Unusual spotting between menstrual cycles.

Wellbutrin withdrawal RESPIRATORY SYSTEM (Organs involved in breathing)

Wellbutrin withdrawal Breath Shortness - Unnatural breathing using a lot off effort resulting in not enough air taken in by the body.

Wellbutrin withdrawal Bronchitis - Inflammation of the two main breathing tubes leading from the windpipe to the lungs. The disease is marked with coughing, a low-grade fever, chest pains, and hoarseness, caused by an allergic reaction.

Wellbutrin withdrawal Coughing - A cough is the response to an irritation, such as mucus, that causes the muscles controlling the breathing process to expel air from the lungs suddenly and noisily to keep the air passages free from the irritating material.

Wellbutrin withdrawal Laryngitis - Inflammation of the voice box characterized by hoarseness, sore throat, and coughing. It can be cause by straining the voice or exposure to infectious, allergic or chemical irritation.

Wellbutrin withdrawal Nasal Congestion - The presence of an abnormal amount of fluid in the nose.

Wellbutrin withdrawal Pneumonia Tracheitis - Bacterial infection of the air passageways and lungs that causes redness, swelling and pain in the windpipe. Other symptoms are high fever, chills, pain in the chest, difficulty in breathing, and coughing with mucus discharge.

Wellbutrin withdrawal Rhinitis - Chemical irritation causing pain, redness and swelling in the mucus membranes of the nose.

Wellbutrin withdrawal Sinus Congestion - The mucus-lined areas of the bones in the face that are thought to help warm and moisten air to the nose. These areas become clogged with excess fluid or infected.

Wellbutrin withdrawal Sinus Headache - The abnormal amount of fluid in the hollows of the face bone area especially around the nose. This excess fluid creates pressure, causing pain in the head.

Wellbutrin withdrawal Sinusitis - The body reacting to chemical irritation causing redness, swelling and pain in the area of the hollows in the facial bones especially around the nose.

Wellbutrin withdrawal SKELETAL

Wellbutrin withdrawal SKIN and APPENDAGES DISORDERS (Skin, legs and arms)

Wellbutrin withdrawal Acne - Eruptions of the oils glands of the skin, especially on the face, marked by pimples, blackheads, whiteheads, bumps, and more severely, by cysts and scarring.

Wellbutrin withdrawal Eczema - A severe or continuing skin disease marked by redness, crusting and scaling with watery blisters and itching. It is often difficult to treat and will sometimes go away only to reappear again.

Wellbutrin withdrawal Dermatitis - Generally irritated skin that can be caused by any of a number of irritating things such as parasites, fungus, bacteria, or foreign substances causing an allergic reaction. It is a general inflammation of the skin.

Wellbutrin withdrawal Dry Lips - The lack of normal moisture in the fleshy folds that surround the mouth.

Wellbutrin withdrawal URINARY SYSTEM DISORDER

Wellbutrin withdrawal Blood in Urine - Blood is present when one empties liquid waste product of the kidneys through the bladder by urinating in the toilet turning the water pink to bright red. Or you could see pots of blood in the water after urinating.

Wellbutrin withdrawal Dysuria - Difficult or painful urination.

Wellbutrin withdrawal Kidney Stone - Small hard masses of salt deposits that the kidney forms.

Wellbutrin withdrawal Urinary Frequency - Having to urinate more often than usual or between unusually short time periods.

Wellbutrin withdrawal Urinary Tract Infection - An invasion of bacteria, viruses, fungi, etc., of the system in the body that starts with the kidneys and eliminates urine from the body. If the invasion goes unchecked it can injure tissue and progress into disease.

Wellbutrin withdrawal Urinary Urgency - A sudden compelling urge to urinate, accompanied by discomfort in the bladder.

Wellbutrin withdrawal UROGENITAL (Urinary tract and genital structures or functions)

Wellbutrin withdrawal Anorgasmia - Failure to experience an orgasm.

Wellbutrin withdrawal Ejaculation Disorder - Dysfunction of the discharge of semen during orgasm.

Wellbutrin withdrawal Menstrual Disorder - Dysfunction of the discharge during the monthly menstrual cycle.

Wellbutrin withdrawal Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis - An abnormal condition where a large portion of skin becomes intensely red and peels off like a second-degree burn. Often the symptoms include blistering.

Wellbutrin withdrawal Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage - Stomach and intestinal excessive internal bleeding.

Description

Clinical Pharmacology

Indications And Usage Back to top of page

Contraindications Back to top of page

Warnings Back to top of page

Precautions Back to top of page

Wellbutrin Withdrawal
Wellbutrin Side Effects